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Biochemistry 2 > E3 Fatty Acids and Lipolysis > Flashcards

E3 Fatty Acids and Lipolysis Flashcards

1
Q

which fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body?

A

linoleic and alpha linolenic

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2
Q

match the nomenclature to the fatty acid.

  1. stearic acid
  2. oleic acid
  3. linoleic acid
  4. linolenic acid

A. 18:1w9
B. 18:3w3
C. 18:0
D. 18:2w6

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. D
  4. B
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3
Q

match the nomenclature to the fatty acid.

  1. arachidonic acid
  2. EPA
  3. DHA
  4. Palmitic acid

A. 16:0
B. 20:5w3
C. 20:4w6
D. 22:6w3

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. D
  4. A
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4
Q

what are fatty acids stored as?

A

TGs

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5
Q

what are TG’s stored in?

A

lipid droplets

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6
Q

when fatty acids are stored as TGs, what type of bonds are made? what is the backbone?

A

ester bonds

glycerol backbone

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7
Q

T/F. Lipid droplets are extracellular organelles within the cytoplasm.

A

false; intracellular

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8
Q

what are three reasons why TGs are stored in lipid droplets?

A
  1. energy
  2. membrane synthesis
  3. protect against lipotoxicity
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9
Q

define lipolysis.

A

breakdown of TG to mobilize FAs (3 FFAs and glycerol)

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10
Q

T/F. Lipolysis can occur in the GI, vascularly, and intracellularly.

A

true

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11
Q

what are the three lipases in GI lipolysis?

A

lingual, gastric, and pancreatic

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12
Q

where does digestion begin?

A

mouth and stomach

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13
Q

most dietary TAGs breakdown in
A. mouth
B. stomach
C. small intestine

A

C. small intestine

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14
Q

T/F. Lipases cleave ester bonds.

A

true

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15
Q

what protein as considered the “gate keepers” of regulating lipid metabolism?

A

perilipins

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16
Q

what are the contents of lipids that enter the enterocyte?

A

FFA, MAG, DAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters

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17
Q

______ is formed at the enterocyte and transports dietary lipid and cholesterol.

A

chylomicrons

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18
Q

other than chylomicrons, what are the other lipoprotein complexes?

A

VLDL, HDL, LDL, IDL

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19
Q

as the chylomicron slowly enters the blood, the lipid from the diet goes to what type of tissue?

A

extrahepatic tissue (adipose and muscle)

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20
Q

when is the chylomicron sent to the liver?

A

as the TG is removed at the target cell and becomes a chylomicron remnant

21
Q

MCFA –> lymph –> blood –> liver via what protein?

A

albumin

22
Q

LCFA –> lymph –> blood –> adipocyte –> liver via what lipoprotein complex?

A

chylomicron

23
Q

define vascular lipolysis.

A

breakdown of TGs from certain lipoprotein complexes

24
Q

what lipase is used during vascular lipolysis?

A

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

25
Q

is lipoprotein lipase (LPL) extracellular or intracellular?

A

extracellular

26
Q

what is the location of LPL?

A

endothelial surface of capillaries

27
Q

T/F. during exercise, there is a decrease concentration of LPL in skeletal muscle.

A

false; increased LPL

28
Q

when you do not exercise, LPL concentration decreases by how much in skeletal muscle?

A

10-20 fold

29
Q

what is the reason for LPL production at target cells in muscle? adipose?

A 
M= FA oxidation for energy
A= re-esterified to be stored as TGs
30
Q

define intracellular lypolysis.

A

breakdown of TGs located in intracellular lipid droplets

31
Q

what are the three intracellular enzymes associated with intracellular lipolysis?

A

adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)

32
Q

match the rxn to the enzyme.
A. ATGL
B. HSL
C. MGL

  1. MAG –> FFA +glycerol
  2. TAG –> DAG
  3. DAG –> MAG
A

A. 2
B. 3
C. 1

33
Q

which intracellular enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in intracellular lipolysis? why?

A

HSL; lipolysis is regulated by hormones= glucagon and epinephrine

34
Q

intracellular lipolysis is regulated by hormones and triggers the cAMP cascade. what type of regulation is this?

A

covalent modification

35
Q

what will stimulate ATGL?

A

glucocorticoids
epinephrine
fasting

36
Q

what will inhibit ATGL?

A

insulin

food intake

37
Q

what will strongly stimulate HSL?

A

B-adrenergics (epinephrine, norepinephrine, phosphorylation)

glucagon

38
Q

what will strongly inhibit HSL?

A

insulin

39
Q

T/F. There is more information on what stimulates and inhibits MGL than ATGL and HSL.

A

false; not much is known

40
Q

when epinephrine/glucagon bind to the PM and initiate the cAMP cascade, what will PKA phosphorylate and activate?

A

perilipin and HSL

41
Q

when perilipin is phosphorylated and activated by PKA, what enzyme will become activated?

A

ATGL

42
Q

when HSL is phosphorylated and activated by PKA, what enzyme will become activated?

A

MGL

43
Q

what hormone will inhibit phosphorylation of perilipin and HSL, therefore inhibiting lipolysis?

A

insulin

44
Q

when FFA from ATGL, HSL, MGL is released into the blood and transported to target tissues, what protein is it bound to? how many FFA can it carry?

A

albumin; apx 10 FFAs

45
Q

what enzyme will convert glycerol to G-3-P?

A

glycerokinase

46
Q

T/F. There is a lot of glycerokinase in adipose.

A

false; absent in adipose

47
Q

once glycerol is converted to G-3-P via glycerokinase, what will G-3-P become? what two pathways can it enter?

A

DHAP; glycolysis and GNG

48
Q

lipolysis of stored TGs in an adipocyte results in 3 FFAs and glycerol. where will the glycerol go? FFAs?

A

glycerol –> hepatocyte

3FFAs –> target cells (e.g. muscle)

49
Q

matching.

A. convert to DHAP
B. B-oxidation
C. make ATP
D. enter glycolysis and GNG
E. hepatocyte
F. produce acetyl CoA
G. enter CAC
H. target cells
  1. glycerol
  2. 3 FFAs
A 
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2
D. 1
E. 1
F. 2
G. 2
H. 2

Biochemistry 2 (14 decks)

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