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Biochemistry 2 > E2 Gluconeogenesis (Bobby) > Flashcards

E2 Gluconeogenesis (Bobby) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F. GNG synthesizes glucose from carbohydrate precursors.

A

False; non-carbohydrate precursors

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2
Q

In order from most to least, which tissues perform GNG?

A
  1. Liver (90%) 2. Kidney (40%) 3. SI (minimal)
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3
Q

During fasting, which tissue performs GNG?

A

Kidney

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4
Q

What is the purpose of GNG?

A

Maintain blood glucose concentration

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5
Q

During which 3 states will GNG be required and what is used to make glucose in each?

A
  1. Starving- aa
  2. Fasting or low carbohydrate- aa
  3. Exercise- lactic acid and alanine
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6
Q

Which produces glucose faster, glycolysis or GNG?

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

How much glucose can we store?

A

Enough for 1 day

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8
Q

Which hormone will stimulate GNG? Inhibit GNG?

A

Stimulate- Glucagon

Inhibit- Insulin

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9
Q

Matching.
1. Glycerol 2. Lactic Acid 3. Amino Acids

A. Produced during anaerobic glycolysis
B. TG backbone
C. Convert into pyruvate and OAA

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
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10
Q

What tissue does glycerol come from?

A

Adipose

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11
Q

Glycerol is produced from TG’s by what process?

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

T/F. Glycerol is a major source of making glucose via GNG.

A

False

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13
Q

What are the 3 substrates of GNG?

A

Glycerol
Lactic Acid
Amino Acids

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14
Q

What enzyme converts glycerol —> glycerol phosphate?

A

Glycerol Kinase

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15
Q

T/F. GNG uses coupled rxn’s due to energy requirement.

A

True

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16
Q

What enzyme converts glycerol phosphate —> DHAP?

A

G-3-P DH

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17
Q

Once DHAP is produced, it can enter:

A. GNG
B. Glycolysis
C. Both

A

C. Both

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18
Q

Cells without mitochondria release which substrate?

A

Lactic Acid

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19
Q

T/F. Muscle release lactate via aerobic glycolysis.

A

False; anaerobic glycolysis

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20
Q

How are glucose and lactate exchanged between muscle and the liver?

A

Via Blood

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21
Q

Which enzyme facilitates pyruvate —> lactate?

A

Lactate DH

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22
Q

What condition would stimulate conversation of amino acids to glucose?

A

Starvation and low carbohydrates

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23
Q

Before becoming glucose, amino acids are turned into ________ (carbon skeleton).

A

Alpha ketoacid (pyruvate)

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24
Q

Which 2 amino acids are non-glucogenic and thus cannot be used as substrates for GNG?

A

Leucine and Lysine

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25
Q

What is the fate of an amino group after amino acid catabolism?

A

Use or Secrete it

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26
Q

What is the primary source of glucose for GNG at rest and during fasting?

A

Amino Acids

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27
Q

In which tissue does lactate —> pyruvate via lactate DH occur?

A

Liver

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28
Q

What are the 3 fates of alpha ketoacid?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Glucose
  3. Fatty Acid
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29
Q

What 4 factors direct breakdown of amino acids?

A
  1. High energy charge
  2. Hormones (glucagon)
  3. Low glucose concentration
  4. Tissue (liver vs. muscle)
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30
Q

What is the coenzyme of pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Biotin

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31
Q

What regulates pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Acetyl CoA

32
Q

What enzyme facilitates alanine —> pyruvate?

A

ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

33
Q

How many irreversible rxn’s are in glycolysis? GNG?

A

Glycolysis- 3

GNG- 4

34
Q

Which irreversible GNG rxn requires ATP? GTP?

A 
ATP= pyruvate ---> OAA
GTP= OAA ---> PEP
35
Q

Which GNG enzymes require Mg2+?

A

PEP carboxykinase
F-1-6 bisphosphatase
G-6- phosphatase

36
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase is found in the mitochondria of which 2 tissues?

A

Liver and Kidney

37
Q

T/F. Pyruvate carboxylase is not found in muscle and the brain.

A

False; it is found there but does not synthesize glucose

38
Q

What is the location of the 1st half of the 1st obstacle of GNG?

A

Matrix

39
Q

What effect does acetyl CoA have on pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Stimulate

40
Q

What is the location of the 2nd half of the 1st obstacle of GNG?

A

Cytosol (pyruvate/ALA) or Matrix (lactate)

41
Q

What enzyme facilitates OAA —> PEP?

A

PEP carboxykinase

42
Q

Which specific obstacle requires ATP? GTP?

A

ATP- 1st half of 1

GTP- 2nd half of 1

43
Q

What are the precursors for PEP carboxykinase?

A

Pyruvate, alanine, lactate

44
Q

Which precursor(s) require a malate shuttle?

A

Pyruvate and Alanine

45
Q

What structure does the malate shuttle transport?

A

OAA

46
Q

What is location for the precursors for PEP carboxykinase?
1. Pyruvate 2. Lactate 3. Alanine

A. Cytosol
B. Matrix

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
47
Q

What enzyme facilitates OAA malate?

A

Malate DH

48
Q

What is the location of lactate DH?

A

Cytosol

49
Q

What is the key regulatory step in GNG?

A

F-1-6 bisphosphatase

50
Q

What is the key regulatory step in glycolysis?

A

PFK

51
Q

What enzyme facilitates F-6-P —> F-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

PFK

52
Q

What inhibits the 2nd obstacle of GNG?

A
  1. Low energy

2. High F-6-P

53
Q

What enzyme facilitates F-1,6-bisphosphate —> F-6-P?

A

F-1,6-bisphosphatase

54
Q

Where does the 2nd obstacle take place?

A

Cytosol

55
Q

What enzyme facilitates glucose —> G-6-P in the muscle?

A

Hexokinase

56
Q

What enzyme facilitates G-6-P —> glucose?

A

G-6-phosphatase

57
Q

What enzyme facilitates glucose —> G-6-P in the liver?

A

Glucokinase

58
Q

What is the location of the 3rd obstacle of GNG?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (rxn)

59
Q

Where is glucose from the 3rd obstacle sent?

A

Cytosol

60
Q

T/F. Muscle does have G-6-phosphatase?

A

False

61
Q

T/F. In muscle, glucose is trapped when phosphorylated.

A

True

62
Q

T/F. Glycogen in muscle will be released as glucose.

A

False

63
Q

What two tissues release glucose, this maintaining glucose homeostasis?

A

Liver and Kidney

64
Q

How many pyruvates are used in GNG per 1 glucose made?

A

2

65
Q

How many total phosphate groups are produced via GNG per 1 glucose made?

A

6

66
Q

How many ATP, GTP, and NADH are used in GNG per 1 glucose produced?

A

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH

67
Q

What secretes insulin?

A

Beta cells from the pancreas

68
Q

What effect does insulin have on GNG?

A

Inhibit

69
Q

What secretes glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in pancreas

70
Q

What effect does glucagon have on GNG?

A

Stimulate

71
Q

What effect does high AMP have on PFK?

A

Stimulate

72
Q

What effect does high ATP have on F-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

Stimulate

73
Q

What effect does high citrate have on PFK?

A

Inhibit

74
Q

What effect does high ADP have on pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase?

A

Inhibit

75
Q

What effect does high F-2,6-bisphosphate have on F-1,6-bisphophatase?

A

Inhibit

76
Q

What effect does low blood glucose concentration have on GNG? CAMP cascade?

A

GNG- stimulate

CAMP- stimulate

77
Q

What effect does high citrate concentration have on GNG?

A

Stimulate

Biochemistry 2 (14 decks)

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