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Biochemistry 2 > E1 Basics, Metabolis, Regulation, And Bioenergetics > Flashcards

E1 Basics, Metabolis, Regulation, And Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of a carbonyl.

A

Carbon double bond Oxygen

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2
Q

What is the common structure of an amino?

A

NH2

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3
Q

Describe the structure of an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl, Hydrogen, and R group

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a ketone?

A

Carbonyl with 2 R groups

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5
Q

What is the common structure of an ester?

A

Carbonyl bond to R group and Oxygen, R group bond to Oxygen

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6
Q

What are the two common structures of a carboxyl?

A

COOH; carbonyl bond to OH and R group

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7
Q

What is the common structure of a hydroxyl?

A

OH

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8
Q

What is the common structure of a methyl?

A

CH3

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9
Q

Describe the structure of a phosphate.

A

PO4

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a thioester.

A

Carbonyl bond to an R group and Sulfur and an R group bond to the Sulfur

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11
Q

NAD+ and NADH is a derivative of what vitamin?

A

Niacin/ Vitamin B3

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12
Q

NAD+ is the ________ form and an electron _______.

A

Oxidized; acceptor

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13
Q

NADH is the ________ form and is an electron ________.

A

Reduced; donor

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14
Q

FAD and FADH2 are derivatives of what vitamin?

A

Riboflavin; Vitamin B2

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15
Q

FAD is the ________ form and is an electron ________.

A

Oxidized; acceptor

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16
Q

FADH2 is the ________ form and is an electron ________.

A

Reduced; donor

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17
Q

Coenzyme A/CoA is a derivative of what vitamin?

A

Pantothenic acid; Vitamin B5

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18
Q

What is the function of CoA?

A

Hold and transfers acetyl or acyl groups

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19
Q

What bond is associated with coenzyme A?

A

Thioester bond

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20
Q

What is the purpose of breaking the thioester bond on CoA?

A

Liberates chemical energy and that energy can be coupled to another reaction

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21
Q

Adenosine triphosphate/ATP is considered the _______ _______ of the cell.

A

Energy currency

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22
Q

What are the high energy phosphate compound/nucleotides?

A

ATP, GTP, UTP, TTP, CTP

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23
Q

Are most enzymes carbs, lipids, or protein?

A

Protein

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24
Q

Will enzymes lower or raise the activation energy of a reaction?

A

Lower

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25
Q

Since enzymes will not be “used up” meaning we will make more if needed, they are considered to be what?

A

Inducible

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26
Q

What does inducible mean?

A

Enzyme that is normally present in minute quantities within a cell, but whose concentration increased dramatically when a substrate compound is added.

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27
Q

What are the two requirements for enzymes?

A

Activity depends on structure and some need cofactors/coenzymes

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28
Q

Are cofactors organic or inorganic? What are some examples?

A

Inorganic; Iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc

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29
Q

Are coenzymes simply or complexly organic? What are some examples?

A

Complex; biotin, CoA, Vitamin B12, FAD, NAD+, pyridoxal phosphate

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30
Q

What does the classification of enzymes depend on?

A

The reaction they catalyze

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31
Q

Define Kinase.

A

Add a phosphate

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32
Q

Define mutase.

A

Shift a group on a molecule

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33
Q

Define phosphorylase.

A

Remove a phosphate

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34
Q

Define synthase/synthetase.

A

Building

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35
Q

Define isomerase.

A

Rearrange the atoms

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36
Q

Define dehydrogenase.

A

Oxidize/reduce something (redox)

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37
Q

________ is the loss of electrons and ________ is the gain of electrons.

A

Oxidation; Reduction

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38
Q

In oxidation, what will you gain and what will you lose?

A

Gain- oxygen; Lose- hydrogen and electrons

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39
Q

In reduction, what will you gain and what will you lose?

A

Gain- hydrogen and electrons; Lose- oxygen

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40
Q

What are four ways glucose-6-phosphate will be used in metabolism?

A

Gluconeogenesis, pentode phosphate pathway, eventually make ATP, glycogen synthesis and breakdown

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41
Q

Catabolism is to Anabolism as ________ is to ________.

A

Breakdown; Building

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42
Q

True or False- Proteins becoming amino acids is a form of anabolism.

A

False- catabolism

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43
Q

True of False- Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller molecules, therefore are energy producing pathways.

A

False

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44
Q

Catabolic pathways are ________ reactions that require oxidized coenzymes.

A

Oxidation

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45
Q

What are the oxidized coenzymes for a catabolic pathway?

A

NAD+ and FAD

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46
Q

Are catabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

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47
Q

What does it mean to be exergonic?

A

Release energy; have what we need to proceed

48
Q

Anabolic pathways are ________ reactions that require reduced coenzymes.

49
Q

What are the reduced coenzymes for anabolic pathways?

A

NADH, NADPH

50
Q

Are anabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?

A

Endergonic

51
Q

What does it mean to be endergonic?

A

Require energy to proceed; need electron donors

52
Q

Define glycolysis.

A

Breakdown of glucose.

53
Q

Is glycolysis an anabolic or catabolic reaction?

54
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis? Products?

A

R- glucose; P- 2 pyruvate and ATP

55
Q

Define gluconeogenesis.

A

Synthesis or glucose

56
Q

Is gluconeogenesis an anabolic or catabolic reaction?

57
Q

What are the reactants for gluconeogenesis? Products?

A

R- 2 Pyruvate and ATP; P: glucose

58
Q

True or False- the failure of homeostatic mechanisms is often at the root of human disease.

59
Q

What are the three functions of key regulatory enzymes/rate limiting steps?

A
  1. Affect the rate of entire pathway 2. Respond to signals 3. Direct our metabolism
60
Q

What are the two types of modifications of regulatory enzymes?

A

Allosteric and Covalent

61
Q

What is covalent modification?

A

Modify the structure of the enzyme and phosphorylation

62
Q

What is allosteric modification?

A

Additional binding sites, can inhibit or stimulate

63
Q

Describe phosphorylation.

A

Phosphorylate a key enzymes via protein kinases which alters the structure and function

64
Q

Give examples of enzymes that do phosphorylation.

A

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase/phosphotase

65
Q

Where will fatty acid synthesis occur?

66
Q

Where will beta oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

67
Q

Will increased concentration of the reactant stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?

68
Q

Will decreased concentration of the reactant stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?

69
Q

Will increased concentration of the product stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?

70
Q

Will decreased concentration of the product stimulate or inhibit a pathway/reaction?

71
Q

What are the three hormone signals required in maintaining the state of the cell?

A

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine/norepinephrine

72
Q

What hormone is released in response to high blood sugar?

73
Q

Your body has low blood sugar, what hormone is secreted?

74
Q

True or False- Glucagon stimulates that pathways that can use or store glucose.

A

False- Insulin

75
Q

What is the function of insulin? Glucagon?

A

Lowers blood glucose; raises blood glucose

76
Q

When will insulin be released in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Increased glucose transport, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis

77
Q

When will insulin be released in lipid metabolism?

A

Increased FA and triacylglycerol synthesis and uptake of TG into adipose tissue from the blood
Decreased lipolysis in adipose and FA oxidation in muscle and liver

78
Q

When will insulin be released in protein metabolism?

A

Increased rate of aa transport and protein synthesis

Decrease in protein breakdown

79
Q

What are the functions of epinephrine/norepinephrine in hormone regulation?

A

Act as neurotransmitters and hormones, regulate fuel metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, responds to acute stress

80
Q

Insulin and glucagon are what type of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones

81
Q

Insulin and Glucagon are secreted by what organ?

82
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what type of hormones?

A

Catecholamines

83
Q

Catecholamines are secreted by what gland?

A

Adrenal glands

84
Q

When peptide hormones and Catecholamines bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells, the cause the generation of what?

A

2nd messenger

85
Q

What will the generation of 2nd messenger change?

A

The activity of an enzyme to direct the cell’s metabolism

86
Q

Signal hormone stimulate adenylyl cyclase to produce ________ (2nd messenger) and stimulate _________ ________ and will affect activity of an enzyme by ________.

A

Cyclic AMP; protein kinase; phosphorylation

87
Q

When ATP is available, what type of pathways is stimulated?

A

Synthesis (fatty acid, cholesterol, glycogen, glucose, nucleotide)

88
Q

When we need to make ATP, what type of pathway is stimulated?

A

Energy producing pathways (glycolysis, ATP-PC, fatty acid oxidation, aa oxidation, aerobic system- Krebs cycle, ETS)

89
Q

High ATP:ADP= ________ energy.

High ADP:ATP= ________ energy.

90
Q

AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) is affected by the concentration of what?

91
Q

An increase in AMP will cause AMPK to do what?

A

Phosphorylate.

92
Q

When AMPK phosphorylates key enzymes it will stimulate and inhibit what pathways?

A

Stimulate- energy producer pathways (glucose transport, glycolysis, and beta oxidation)
Inhibit- synthesis pathways

93
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

Conservation of energy; energy cannot be created or destroyed

94
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

Disorder; universe tends to move towards disorder

95
Q

Define entropy.

A

Disorder of components in a chemical system

96
Q

As disorder increases, the entropy number will become more positive or negative?

97
Q

Define enthalpy.

A

Heat content in the chemical reaction

98
Q

The enthalpy number will become more positive or negative in a reaction that releases heat?

99
Q

Heat releasing rxn is Heat absorbing rxn as ________ is to _________.

A

Exothermic; Endothermic

100
Q

Can entropy or enthalpy alone determine if a reaction will proceed?

101
Q

When entropy and enthalpy work together, what will they will determine?

A

Free energy

102
Q

What can free energy determine?

A

Whether or not a reaction can proceed spontaneously

103
Q

How do you calculate Gibbs Free energy?

A

Enthalpy - Entropy

104
Q

A negative delta G will imply a net loss of energy. Will this reaction proceed spontaneously? What type of reaction is it?

A

Yes; exergonic

105
Q

A positive delta G implies a net gain of energy. Will this reaction proceed spontaneously? What type of reaction is it?

A

NO- need energy to proceed; Endergonic

106
Q

What does it mean if the delta G is 0?

A

Reactants are at equilibrium

107
Q

True or False- reaction will continue until delta g is 0.

108
Q

Will the free energy be positive or negative if the reactants have higher energy than the products?

109
Q

Will the free energy be positive or negative if the reactants have lower energy than the products?

110
Q

What is standard free energy?

A

Constant number for a given reaction that tells us how much free energy is available (e.g. pH=7.0)

111
Q

Will the reaction proceed if the exergonic delta G= -10 and the endergonic delta G is +3?

A

-10 + 3= -7 … YES

112
Q

Glucose –> Glucose 6 Phosphate= 3,300 (endergonic)
ATP –> ADP= -7,300 (exergonic)
Will this coupled reaction proceed?

A

Yes. delta G= -4,000

113
Q

The energy available from ATP can be used for what three things?

A
  1. Coupling with endergonic reactions
  2. Transport molecules against a concentration gradient
  3. Mechanical motion (muscle contraction)
114
Q

At rest, how many kilogram of ATP are consumed everyday?

115
Q

During exercise, how much ATP is utilized every minute?

A

Over a pound

116
Q

When ATP transfers a phosphate group it will yield a diphosphate and monophoshate.
Diphosphate- ________ phosphate
Monophoshate- _______ phosphate

A

Inorganic; pyro

Biochemistry 2 (14 decks)

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