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Biochemistry 2 > E2 Glycogenolysis (1/2 Bobby) > Flashcards

E2 Glycogenolysis (1/2 Bobby) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 primary storage sites of glycogen?

A
  1. Liver

2. Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What type of glycosidic bond forms chains? Branch?

A

Alpha (1-4)

Alpha (1-6)

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3
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the cell?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

What supplies glucose to the brain?

A

Liver (glucose to brain b/w meals)

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5
Q

What is the purpose of glycogenolysis in
A. Muscle
B. Liver

A

A. Energy

B. Blood glucose homeostasis

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6
Q

T/F. Gluconeogenesis is faster than glycogenolysis.

A

False

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7
Q

What enzyme does glycogen phosphorylase require?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

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8
Q

What type of bond does glycogen phosphorylase break?

A

Alpha (1-4)

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9
Q

What is the product of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

G-1-P

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10
Q

What enzyme facilitates G-1-P —> G-6-P?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

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11
Q

What is the fate of G-6-P in muscle?

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

What enzyme facilitates G-6-P —> free glucose in the liver?

A

G-6-phosphatase

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13
Q

G-6-P can be ________ in the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Oxidized

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14
Q

What is the key regulatory enzyme of glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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15
Q

What is the fate of free glucose in the liver?

A

Sent to the cytosol and then to the blood

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16
Q

When will glycogen phosphorylase cease breaking alpha (1-4) bonds?

A

When it is 4 glucose residues away from branch point

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17
Q

Which enzyme removed outer 3 glucose molecules? (aka make longer chain)

A

Glucosyl (4:4) transferase

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18
Q

Which enzyme removes the last glucose of a branch?

A

Amylo-alpha (1,6)- glucosidase

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19
Q

After alpha (1-6) bond is broken in the muscle, it is phosphorylated via ________.

A

Hexokinase

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20
Q

MATCHING
A. Muscle B. Liver C. Glycogen phosphorylase B
D. Glycogen phosphorylase A E. R-state F. T-state

  1. Active form
  2. Inactive form
A 
A. 2
B. 1
C. 2
D. 1
E. 1
F. 2
21
Q

Will glucose binds to phosphorylase A in liver or muscle?
What happens to the state (R/T)?
Will it inhibit or stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

Liver
R state –> T state
Inhibit

22
Q

T/F. Liver energy change impacts glycogenolysis.

A

False

23
Q

T/F. Muscle energy change impacts glycogenolysis.

A

True

24
Q

High [AMP] binds to phosphorylase B in liver or muscle?
What happens to the state (R/T)?
Will is inhibit or stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

Muscle
T state –> R state
Stimulate

25
Q

High [ATP] binds to phosphorylase B. Will it inhibit or stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

Inhibit

26
Q

High [G-6-P] binds to phosphorylase B. Will is inhibit or stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

Inhibit

27
Q

T/F. Glycogen phosphorylase B reminds inactive until stimulated.

A

True

28
Q

Type of competition between G-6-P and ATP in skeletal muscle?

A

Allosteric

29
Q

What two hormones will stimulate the CAMP cascade?

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

30
Q

When will epinephrine be released in response to?

A

Fear and Exercise

31
Q

What tissue will you primarily find epinephrine?

A

Muscle

32
Q

When will glucagon be released in response to?

A

Low blood sugar

33
Q

What tissue will you find glucagon?

A

Liver

34
Q

T/F. Epinephrine and Glucagon both stimulate the CAMP cascade, which will eventually phosphorylate the enzyme, converting it from glycogen phosphorylase a —> b.

A

False; glycogen phosphorylase b —> a

35
Q

In covalent modification regulation using the CAMP cascade, what enzyme must be phosphorylated and activated?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase

36
Q

Once glycogen phosphorylase kinase is activated, what enzyme will activated? What happens to phosphorylase B/A?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

phosphorylase b –> phosphorylase a

37
Q

What enzyme is a second messenger for the CAMP cascade?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

38
Q

What is the subunit for glycogen phosphorylase kinase?

A

Calmodulin

39
Q

T/F. When calcium binds to calmodulin forming the Ca2+-calmodulin complex, glycogen phosphorylase kinase will be inhibited, therefore activating glycogen breakdown.

A

False; activate glycogen phosphorylase kinase

40
Q

In the muscle, what will trigger the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Muscle contraction

41
Q

In the liver, what will trigger the release of Ca2+?

A

“Fight or Flight” response

42
Q

Once energy or glucose needs have been satisfied (glucagon and epinephrine no longer present), CAMP is converted to _________ and no longer activates _________.

A

Converted to AMP

No longer activated PKA

43
Q

What enzyme removes the phosphate group from glycogen phosphorylase converting it back to an inactive form?

A

Protein phosphatase1 (PP1)

44
Q

What is the storage location of glycogen in the brain?

A

Astrocytes (adults) and Embryonic neurons

45
Q

T/F. The highest concentration of glycogen in the brain is where there is the least amount of synaptic activity.

A

False

46
Q

_____ matter has 2x’s the amount of glycogen concentration than _____ matter.

A

Gray, White

47
Q

T/F. Glycogen metabolism regulation in the brain is similar to that in the liver and skeletal muscle via allosteric regulation, Ca2+, AMP, and epinephrine/norepinephrine.

A

True

48
Q

What four factors will stimulate glycogenolysis?

A
  1. low energy
  2. epinephrine/norepinephrine
  3. Glucagon (low glucose)
  4. Calcium (m. contraction or stress)
49
Q

T/F. The same environment as glycogenolysis will stimulate glycogenesis.

A

False; opposite environment

Biochemistry 2 (14 decks)

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