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Biochemistry 2 > E1 Krebs Cycle > Flashcards

E1 Krebs Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What type of respiration will have the greatest production of ATP?

A

Aerobic

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2
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Production of ATP using energy created by electron flow down the electron transport system to the final electron acceptor

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3
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

Consume macronutrients –> ___________ –> produce _________ –> oxygen _______ the electrons –> use energy created by flow of electrons to male ATP

A

Oxidize macronutrients; reduced compounds, accepts

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5
Q

Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur? Electron Transport System?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix: Inner Membrane

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6
Q

What are the three names for the cycle that produces citric acid?

A

Krebs cycle, Citric acid cycle, Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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7
Q

True or False- Krebs is the first step in oxidation of macronutrients.

A

False- final step

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8
Q

What are the overall products of Krebs?

A

CO2, GTP, NADH, FADH2

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9
Q

Where do the reduced compounds (NADH, FADH2) take their electrons to make ATP?

A

ETS

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10
Q

List in order the main reactants of Krebs.

A

Acetyl CoA, citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

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11
Q

Coenzyme A consists of what two things?

A

Pantothenic Acid (VB5) and a terminal thiol group (thioester bond)

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12
Q

What is the conversion process of glucose to pyruvate called? Where does it occur?

A

Glycolysis; Cytosol

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13
Q

Pyruvate is produced in the Cytosol via glycolysis. Where does pyruvate become acetyl CoA? What is this step called?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix; Prep Step

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14
Q

What are the reactants of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Pyruvate, NAD+, CoA

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15
Q

What are the products of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2,

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16
Q

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA will use what enzyme? What type of reaction? Reversible?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, decarboxylation, irreversible

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17
Q

How many carbons does pyruvate have?

A

3

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18
Q

How many carbons does acetyl CoA have?

A

2

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19
Q

How many enzymes and coenzymes does pyruvate dehydrogenase complex have?

A

3 enzymes, 5 coenzymes

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20
Q

In the reaction of pyruvate to acetylene CoA, is pyruvate oxidized to reduced?

A

Oxidized

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21
Q

List the 5 coenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

A 
Thiamine Phosphate (TPP)- thiamine
FAD- riboflavin
Lipoate- lipoid acid
NAD- niacin (R)
Coenzyme A- pantothenic acid (R)
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22
Q

Since the prep step is irreversible, what can the acetyl CoA do?

A

Enter Krebs or lipid synthesis

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23
Q

What will inhibit PDH?

A

Increased products- acetyl CoA, NADH, high energy levels

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24
Q

Will phosphorylation of PDH by PDH kinase inhibit or stimulate PDH?

A

Inhibit

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25
Q

True or False- PDH phosphatase will stimulate PDH

A

True

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26
Q

What will stimulate PDH?

A

Low energy, low acetyl CoA, calcium, epinephrine, insulin

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27
Q

What will happen if you are deficient in PDH?

A

Cannot produce acetyl CoA
Increase lactic acid
Ketogenic diet

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28
Q

Increased PDH kinase activity will increase ___________.

A

Cancer risk

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29
Q

What disease will occur if you are Thiamine deficient?

A

BeriBeri (dietary) (high pyruvate levels in blood)

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30
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?

A

Matrix

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31
Q

Beta oxidation allows for the entry of what?

A

Fatty acid

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32
Q

An 18C long chain FA will produce how many acetyl CoA to enter Krebs?

A

9

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33
Q

Is beta oxidation an energy producing pathway?

A

Yes

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34
Q

List the amino acid entry intermediates.

A

Pyruate, Acetyl CoA, alpha ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate

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35
Q

List the reactants of citrate synthase.

A

Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, water

36
Q

List the products of citrate synthase.

A

Citrate, CoA,

37
Q

What enzyme is used to create citrate?

A

Citrate synthase

38
Q

Acetyl CoA + OOA –> Citrate is what type of reaction?

A

Condensation/Dehydration

39
Q

How many carbons does citrate have?

A

6

40
Q

List the reactants of aconitase.

A

Citrate

41
Q

List the products of aconitase.

A

Isocitrate

42
Q

What enzyme is used to convert citrate into isocitrate?

A

Aconitase

43
Q

Citrate –> Isocitrate is what type of reaction?

A

Isomerization

44
Q

List the reactants of isocitrate dehydrogenase.

A

Isocitrate, NAD+

45
Q

List the products of isocitrate dehydrogenase.

A

Alpha ketoglutarate, NADH, CO2

46
Q

What enzyme is used to convert isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

47
Q

Isocitrate –> alpha ketoglutarate is what type of reaction?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

48
Q

How many carbons does alpha ketoglutarate have?

A

5

49
Q

Why is isocitrate dehydrogenase an important regulatory step in Krebs? What will stimulate it? Inhibit?

A

Sensitive to change in the cell
Stimulate- low energy (ADP)
Inhibit- high energy (ATP), NADH

50
Q

List the reactants of alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

A

Alpha ketoglutarate, NAD+, CoA

51
Q

List the products of alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

A

Succinyl CoA, NADH, CO2

52
Q

What enzyme is used to convert alpha ketoglutarate into succinyl CoA?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

53
Q

Alpha ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA is what type of reaction?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

54
Q

How many carbons does succinyl CoA have?

A

4

55
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Krebs? What stimulates it? Inhibit?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Stimulate- NADH, succinyl CoA
Inhibit- high energy (ATP)

56
Q

List the reactants of succinate thiokinase.

A

Succinyl CoA, GDP, Pi

57
Q

List the products of succinate thiokinase.

A

Succinate, CoA, GTP

58
Q

What enzyme is used to convert succinyl CoA to succinate?

A

Succinate thiokinase

59
Q

How many carbons does succinate have?

A

4

60
Q

List the reactants of succinate dehydrogenase.

A

Succinate, FAD

61
Q

List the products of succinate dehydrogenase.

A

Fumarate, FADH2

62
Q

What enzyme is used to convert succinate to fumarate?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

63
Q

Succinate –> Fumarate is what type of reaction?

A

Oxidation

64
Q

What is the location of succinate dehydrogenase?

A

Partially bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane

Aka complex 2 of ETS

65
Q

How many carbons does fumarate have?

A

4

66
Q

List the reactants of fumarase.

A

Fumarate, water

67
Q

List the products of fumarase.

A

Malate

68
Q

What enzyme is used to convert fumarate to malate?

A

Fumarase

69
Q

Fumarate –> Malate is what type of reaction?

A

Condensation/dehydration

70
Q

How many carbons does malate have?

A

4

71
Q

List the reactants of malate dehydrogenase.

A

Malate, NAD+

72
Q

List the products of malate dehydrogenase.

A

Oxaloacetate, NADH

73
Q

What enzyme is used to convert malate to oxaloacetate?

A

Malate dehydrogenase

74
Q

Malate –> Oxaloacetate is what type of reaction?

A

Oxidation

75
Q

How many carbons does oxaloacetate have?

A

4

76
Q

Match the product to the appropriate enzyme.

A 
Citrate- citrate synthase
Isocitrate- aconitase
Alpha ketoglutarate- isocitrate dehydrogenase 
Succinyl CoA- alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex 
Succinate- succinate thiokinase
Fumarate- succinate dehydrogenase 
Malate- fumarase
Oxaloacetate- malate dehydrogenase
77
Q

How many turns of the Krebs cycle? Each turn will yield how many NADH? FADH2? GTP?

A

2 turns; 3 NADH; 1 FADH2; 1 GTP

78
Q

How many total ATP will Krebs yield?

A

10

79
Q

Krebs is the “hub” for intermediates. Succinyl CoA will make ____. Citrate will make _____. OOA and. Alpha ketoglutarate will make ______.

A

Heme; FAs and sterols; amino acids

80
Q

What is the term for giving substrates to the cycle?

A

Anaplerotic

81
Q

What is the term for taking substrates from the cycle?

A

Cataplerotic

82
Q

List the dehydrogenase enzymes.

A

Isocitrate DH, alpha ketoglutarate DH, succinate DH, malate DH

83
Q

What are the two regulatory enzymes?

A

Isocitrate DH and alpha ketoglutarate DH

84
Q

The products stimulate or inhibit? List the products of Krebs.

A

Inhibit; ATP, NADH, FADH2

85
Q

The reactants will stimulate or inhibit? List the reactants.

A

Stimulate; ADP, NAD+, FAD, acetyl CoA

Biochemistry 2 (14 decks)

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