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PSC2018 > E-learning 8 PNS > Flashcards

E-learning 8 PNS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

all of the neurons carrying information to or from the CNS

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2
Q

what neurons carry information to the CNS

A

affector neurons (a-arrive)

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3
Q

what neurons carry information from the CNS

A

effector neurons (e - exit)

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4
Q

what 3 parts does the neuron consist of

A

the axon
the cell body
the dendrites

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5
Q

what does the axon do

A

carry information away from the cell body. Axons of one neuron connect with the dendrites of other neurons or with other cells at synapses

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6
Q

what does the cell body do

A

contains the nucleus and all the organelles required for metabolism

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7
Q

what do the dendrites do

A

carry information to the cell body

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8
Q

what do synapses occur between

A

neurons and target cells

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9
Q

what can target cells be

A

other neurons
muscle cells
secretory cells

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10
Q

Electrical transmission along axons terminates at synapses and is relayed to the next cell via what

A

chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

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11
Q

what are the neurotransmitters stored in

A

vesicles

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12
Q

what causes the neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic membrane

A

when an action potential reached the vesicles

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13
Q

what does the action potential stimulate in the target cell

A
  • a depolarisation in the post synaptic neurons
  • contraction in post synaptic muscle cells
  • secretion in post synaptic secretory cells
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14
Q

how many cervical nerve pairs are there

A

8

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15
Q

how many thoracic nerve pairs are there

A

12

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16
Q

how many lumbar nerve pairs are there

A

5

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17
Q

how many sacral nerve pairs are there

A

5

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18
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are there

A

1

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19
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by

A

the vertebral column (the spine)

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20
Q

what is the vertebral column made up of

A

individual vertebrae

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21
Q

what does each vertebra consist of

A

a vertebral body and a vertebral arch

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22
Q

together what does the vertebral body and vertebral arch form

A

the vertebral foramen (the opening that the spinal cord resides in)

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23
Q

when several vertebra are stacked, the vertebral foramen align to form what

A

the vertebral canal

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24
Q

what is the vertebral arch formed of

A

two pedicles
two lamina
two transverse processes
one spinous process
four articular processes

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25
Q

what do the intervertebral discs form

A

a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis) between two adjacent vertebrae

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrocartilaginous joint

A

to allow slight movement
to act as shock absorbers
to hold the two together

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27
Q

what do the discs contain

A
  • annulus fibrosus: outer fibrous ring made up of laminae of fibrocartilage to withstand compression
  • nucleus pulposus: gel like center that helos distribute pressure evenly across the disc to act as a shock absorber
  • a layer of hyaline cartilage
28
Q

the outer section of the spinal cord is formed of what

A

white matter (consist of axons of neurons that form ascending or descending pathways)

29
Q

ascending pathways travel from…

A

the body to the brain

30
Q

descending pathways travel from..

A

the brain to the body

31
Q

the inner section of the spinal cord is formed from what

A

grey matter (where cells bodies of neurons are located and where synapses occur between these cell bodies)

32
Q

what is a useful landmark for the anterior surface of the spinal cord

A

the ventral median fissure (a deep groove)

33
Q

the ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord carry what nerves

A

somatic nerves (voluntary nervous system)

34
Q

autonomic nerves dont run within the spinal cord, they run..

A

alongside it

35
Q

dorsal column (back)

A

ascending sensory neurons carrying fine touch and proprioception information from the limbs run in the dorsal columns

36
Q

lateral column (side)

A

descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex mostly run in the lateral column

37
Q

anterolateral fasciculus (front)

A

ascending sensory neurons carrying pain and temperature fibres run in the anterolateral fasciculus

38
Q

what type of control is the autonomic nervous system

A

subconscious (temperature control, secretions and gastric motility)

39
Q

autonomic neurons arise from the brain and spinal cord. they have ganglia (collection of cell bodies) outside the spinal cord when their axons synapse

A
40
Q

sympathetic or parasympathetic:
Increased heart rate and force of contraction

A

sympathetic

41
Q

constriction of pupil

A

parasympathetic

42
Q

contraction of airway smooth muscle

A

parasympathetic

43
Q

Increased stomach motility and gastric secretions

A

parasympathetic

44
Q

reduced peristalsis

A

sympathetic

45
Q

Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

A

parasympathetic

46
Q

Decreased gut motility

A

sympathetic

47
Q

Relaxation of airway smooth muscle

A

sympathetic

48
Q

Increased digestion and gut motility

A

parasympathetic

49
Q

dilation of pupil

A

sympathetic

50
Q

Sympathetic cell bodies are present in the…

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

51
Q

Parasympathetic neurons arise from the cranial nerves or from the…

A

lumbo-sacral spinal cord.

52
Q

There are two types of somatic nerves:

A

-Spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord
-Cranial nerves that arise directly from the brain

53
Q

Dorsal (posterior) roots are usually afferent/sensory carrying information from…

A

the periphery to the CNS.

54
Q

Ventral (anterior) roots are usually efferent/motor, carrying information from…

A

the CNS to the periphery in somatic motor and autonomic neurons.

55
Q

Each spinal nerve supplies a distinct area of skin ________ or distinct group of muscles _________.

A

dermatome
myotome

56
Q

cranial nerves:
CNI - olfactory nerve

A

sensory - smell

57
Q

CNII - optic nerve

A

sensory - carries info from the retina

58
Q

CNIII - oculomotor nerve

A

motor - controls movements of the eye and some control of the eyelid
also controls pupil constriction

59
Q

CNIV - trochlear

A

motor to one muscle that moves the eye

60
Q

CNV - trigeminal

A

sensory - senses touch from skin of face
motor - muscles of mastication

61
Q

CNVI - abducent

A

motor to one muscle of the eye

62
Q

CNVII - facial nerve

A

sensory - taste of anterior part of the tongue
motor - muscles of facial expression and glands that secrete saliva

63
Q

CNVIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

A

sensory - hearing

64
Q

CNIX - glossopharyngeal nerve

A

sensory - taste
motor - initiating the gag reflex
motor - secretomotor to on saliva gland (parotid)

65
Q

CNX - vagus nerve

A

motor - muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate
responsible for parasympathetic innervation of in trachea, bronchi, GI tract and cardiac muscle
sensory - afferent sensation from GI tract, heart and airways

66
Q

CNXI - accessory nerve

A

motor - to two big muscles in the neck

67
Q

CNXII - hypoglossal nerve

A

motor - muscles of the tongue

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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