E-learning 8 PNS

Question 1

what does the PNS consist of

Answer 1

all of the neurons carrying information to or from the CNS

Question 2

what neurons carry information to the CNS

Answer 2

affector neurons (a-arrive)

Question 3

what neurons carry information from the CNS

Answer 3

effector neurons (e - exit)

Question 4

what 3 parts does the neuron consist of

Answer 4

the axon
the cell body
the dendrites

Question 5

what does the axon do

Answer 5

carry information away from the cell body. Axons of one neuron connect with the dendrites of other neurons or with other cells at synapses

Question 6

what does the cell body do

Answer 6

contains the nucleus and all the organelles required for metabolism

Question 7

what do the dendrites do

Answer 7

carry information to the cell body

Question 8

what do synapses occur between

Answer 8

neurons and target cells

Question 9

what can target cells be

Answer 9

other neurons
muscle cells
secretory cells

Question 10

Electrical transmission along axons terminates at synapses and is relayed to the next cell via what

Answer 10

chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

Question 11

what are the neurotransmitters stored in

Answer 11

vesicles

Question 12

what causes the neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic membrane

Answer 12

when an action potential reached the vesicles

Question 13

what does the action potential stimulate in the target cell

Answer 13

• a depolarisation in the post synaptic neurons
• contraction in post synaptic muscle cells
• secretion in post synaptic secretory cells

Question 14

how many cervical nerve pairs are there

Answer 14

8

Question 15

how many thoracic nerve pairs are there

Answer 15

12

Question 16

how many lumbar nerve pairs are there

Answer 16

5

Question 17

how many sacral nerve pairs are there

Answer 17

5

Question 18

how many coccygeal nerves are there

Answer 18

1

Question 19

what is the spinal cord protected by

Answer 19

the vertebral column (the spine)

Question 20

what is the vertebral column made up of

Answer 20

individual vertebrae

Question 21

what does each vertebra consist of

Answer 21

a vertebral body and a vertebral arch

Question 22

together what does the vertebral body and vertebral arch form

Answer 22

the vertebral foramen (the opening that the spinal cord resides in)

Question 23

when several vertebra are stacked, the vertebral foramen align to form what

Answer 23

the vertebral canal

Question 24

what is the vertebral arch formed of

Answer 24

two pedicles
two lamina
two transverse processes
one spinous process
four articular processes

Question 25

what do the intervertebral discs form

Answer 25

a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis) between two adjacent vertebrae

Question 26

what is the purpose of the fibrocartilaginous joint

Answer 26

to allow slight movement to act as shock absorbers to hold the two together

Question 27

what do the discs contain

Answer 27

- annulus fibrosus: outer fibrous ring made up of laminae of fibrocartilage to withstand compression - nucleus pulposus: gel like center that helos distribute pressure evenly across the disc to act as a shock absorber - a layer of hyaline cartilage

Question 28

the outer section of the spinal cord is formed of what

Answer 28

white matter (consist of axons of neurons that form ascending or descending pathways)

Question 29

ascending pathways travel from...

Answer 29

the body to the brain

Question 30

descending pathways travel from..

Answer 30

the brain to the body

Question 31

the inner section of the spinal cord is formed from what

Answer 31

grey matter (where cells bodies of neurons are located and where synapses occur between these cell bodies)

Question 32

what is a useful landmark for the anterior surface of the spinal cord

Answer 32

the ventral median fissure (a deep groove)

Question 33

the ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord carry what nerves

Answer 33

somatic nerves (voluntary nervous system)

Question 34

autonomic nerves dont run within the spinal cord, they run..

Answer 34

alongside it

Question 35

dorsal column (back)

Answer 35

ascending sensory neurons carrying fine touch and proprioception information from the limbs run in the dorsal columns

Question 36

lateral column (side)

Answer 36

descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex mostly run in the lateral column

Question 37

anterolateral fasciculus (front)

Answer 37

ascending sensory neurons carrying pain and temperature fibres run in the anterolateral fasciculus

Question 38

what type of control is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 38

subconscious (temperature control, secretions and gastric motility)

Question 39

autonomic neurons arise from the brain and spinal cord. they have ganglia (collection of cell bodies) outside the spinal cord when their axons synapse

Question 40

sympathetic or parasympathetic: Increased heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 40

sympathetic

Question 41

constriction of pupil

Answer 41

parasympathetic

Question 42

contraction of airway smooth muscle

Answer 42

parasympathetic

Question 43

Increased stomach motility and gastric secretions

Answer 43

parasympathetic

Question 44

reduced peristalsis

Answer 44

sympathetic

Question 45

Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 45

parasympathetic

Question 46

Decreased gut motility

Answer 46

sympathetic

Question 47

Relaxation of airway smooth muscle

Answer 47

sympathetic

Question 48

Increased digestion and gut motility

Answer 48

parasympathetic

Question 49

dilation of pupil

Answer 49

sympathetic

Question 50

Sympathetic cell bodies are present in the...

Answer 50

thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

Question 51

Parasympathetic neurons arise from the cranial nerves or from the...

Answer 51

lumbo-sacral spinal cord.

Question 52

There are two types of somatic nerves:

Answer 52

-Spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord -Cranial nerves that arise directly from the brain

Question 53

Dorsal (posterior) roots are usually afferent/sensory carrying information from...

Answer 53

the periphery to the CNS.

Question 54

Ventral (anterior) roots are usually efferent/motor, carrying information from...

Answer 54

the CNS to the periphery in somatic motor and autonomic neurons.

Question 55

Each spinal nerve supplies a distinct area of skin ________ or distinct group of muscles _________.

Answer 55

dermatome myotome

Question 56

cranial nerves: CNI - olfactory nerve

Answer 56

sensory - smell

Question 57

CNII - optic nerve

Answer 57

sensory - carries info from the retina

Question 58

CNIII - oculomotor nerve

Answer 58

motor - controls movements of the eye and some control of the eyelid also controls pupil constriction

Question 59

CNIV - trochlear

Answer 59

motor to one muscle that moves the eye

Question 60

CNV - trigeminal

Answer 60

sensory - senses touch from skin of face motor - muscles of mastication

Question 61

CNVI - abducent

Answer 61

motor to one muscle of the eye

Question 62

CNVII - facial nerve

Answer 62

sensory - taste of anterior part of the tongue motor - muscles of facial expression and glands that secrete saliva

Question 63

CNVIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 63

sensory - hearing

Question 64

CNIX - glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 64

sensory - taste motor - initiating the gag reflex motor - secretomotor to on saliva gland (parotid)

Question 65

CNX - vagus nerve

Answer 65

motor - muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate responsible for parasympathetic innervation of in trachea, bronchi, GI tract and cardiac muscle sensory - afferent sensation from GI tract, heart and airways

Question 66

CNXI - accessory nerve

Answer 66

motor - to two big muscles in the neck

Question 67

CNXII - hypoglossal nerve

Answer 67

motor - muscles of the tongue