E-learning 4 genitourinary system Flashcards
below the pelvic floor there is a region called the
perineum where the external ganglia extends from
the pelvic region can be divided into what
the greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis
the lesser pelvis is what we know as the
pelvis cavity
female reproductive/sexual organs
the vagina
the uterus
the uterine (fallopian) tubes
the ovaries
male reproductive/sexual organs
the testes
the epididymides
the ductus deferentes
the seminal vesicles
the ejaculatory ducts
the prostate
the bulbourethral glands
what does the urinary system consist of
paired kidneys
paired ureters
bladder
urethra
what are the functions of the kidneys
excrete most of the waste products of metabolism
filter the blood, removing waste products and producing urine
controlling water volume and ion concentrations and in maintaining the acid/base balance of the blood
what is the outer layer of the kidney
cortex
what is the inner layer of the kidneys
medulla
the pyramids of the cortex drain into what?
minor calyces
around 2-3 minor calyces drain into each of the
major calyces
the major calyces drain into the
renal pelvis which empties through the ureters towards the bladder
the point where the structures enter or exit the kidney is known as the
hilum
the structure entering/exiting the hilum are
renal vein
renal artery
ureter
lymphatics and sympathetics
blood entering the the kidneys for filtration passes through knots of capillaries called…
glomeruli
the glomeruli are contained in the…
bowmans capsule
where are useful substances to the body reabsorbed
the proximal convoluted tubule
where is water reabsorbed
the loop of henle
where does are waste products that were not filtered out in the capsule secreted into the lumen
the distal convoluted tubule
where are water and ions are reabsorbed into the blood
in the collecting duct
what affect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the collecting duct
makes it more permeable allowing reabsorption of water
what and where do the renal arteries branch off
branch off the abdominal aorta just below the level of L1
what do they divide into to feed blood into the glomeruli
afferent arterioles
what arterioles run from the glomeruli and wrap around the nephron
efferent arterioles
around the loop of henle the vessels are called the
vasa recta
the vasa recta drain into the renal veins which empty into…
the inferior vena cava
the two kidneys lie retroperitoneally which means
behind the peritoneum on the posterior body wall
the kidneys sit at what level
T12 to L3 vertebrae
the kidneys are partially protected by which ribs
11 and 12
why does the right kidney usually lie lower than the left
due to the large right lobe of the liver
where are the adrenal glands located
on the superior aspect of each kidney
hormones secreted form the adrenal cortex
cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones
hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla
adrenaline
noradrenaline
there are three regions where the ureters narrow
- at the junction between the ureters and the renal pelvis
- where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic bone
- in the entrance of the ureters into the bladder
the wall of the bladder contains three layers of smooth muscle, an internal, middle and external layer. these form what muscle
the detrusor muscle
what are the three types of epithelium the urinary system from the renal pelvis to the urethra can be lined with
specialised epithelium, transitional epithelium or urothelium
These cells have the ability to do what
stretch, shift over one another and flatten
the empty bladder sits anteriorly in the lesser pelvis inferior to the peritoneum. when full it extends superiorly into what
extraperitoneal fat of the anterior body wall
in infants and children younger than six the bladder sits in the
abdomen
what is the trigone
is a smooth triangular area
the rugae (ridges) that line the majority of the empty bladder flatten out as the
bladder fills
what are ureteric orifices
where the ureters enter the bladder
the junction between the bladder and the urethra is a smooth muscle sphincter called the…
the internal urethral sphincter, this is controlled by autonomic innervation
the internal urethral sphincter is only found in men and its prevents what?
ejaculatory reflux of semen into the bladder
the urethra is a continuation of the smooth muscle of the bladder but is also contains what
a skeletal muscle sphincter, the external urethral sphincter which is under voluntary control.
the male urethra can be split into 4 parts
pre-prostatic
prostatic
membranous
penile
what epithelium is the bladder lined with
transitional epithelium
the ovaries are almond shape and size. what are they suspended in
mesovarium
the ovaries are site of what release
ovum
the ovaries are site of production and release of what hormones
oestrogen and progesterone
the uterus sits in the
lesser pelvis
what is the uterus the site of
implantation of the blastocyst and subsequent growth of the embryo
the uterus can be divided into two main parts
- the body, the upper 2/3 of the uterus, has two divisions: fundus, the rounded roof of the uterus, superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes, and the isthmus, the relatively narrow part superior to the cervix
- the cervix: the cylindrical canal that projects into the vagina
the wall of the body of the uterus consists of three layers
perimetrium (outer layer consists of thin layer of connective tissue
myometrium (middle layer consists of smooth muscle for labour and menstruation, contains main branches of blood vessels and nerves)
endometrium (the mucous lining of the uterus, provides site for implatation of the blastocyte)
what does the stability of the uterus rely on
muscles such as the pelvic floor muscles
and connective tissues like uterosacral ligaments to maintain its position
the uterine (fallopian) tubes connect the uterus to the
ovaries
the tubes extend laterally from the uterus ending in fimbrae that waft released
ova into the open end of the tube
fertilisation usually occurs in the
uterine tubes
the opening of the uterus is the
cervix
the cervix forms a canal from what to what
vagina to the uterus
its inferior opening in the vagina is the
external os
the superior opening into the uterus is the
internal os
between these is the cervical canal
the cervical canal guides various structures
-sperm must travel through the cervical canal to travel towards the egg for fertilisation
-during labour a baby will move through the dilated cervical canal from the uterus
-cervical mucus is produced here
-during menstruation blood and uterine tissue will exit through the cervical canal into the vagina
-many contraceptive method act on the cervix
what is the epithelium of the canal at the internal os
squamous
what is the epithelium of the canal at the external os
stratified to protect itself from the acidic environment of the vagina
what is the vagina
a musculo-membranous tube that connects the uterus to the external genitalia
the superior end of the vagina surrounds the
cervix
where does the inferior end of the vagina open into
the vestibule (a depression between the labia minora)
the vagina is related
-posteriorly to the base of the bladder and the urethra
-medially to pelvic muscles, fascia and the ureters
-anteriorly to the anal canal, rectum and rectouterine pouch
vulva is made up of
-external part of the clitoris
-labia majora and minora
-various skin folds
-vestibule
prepuce is the
clitoral hood
the testes are covered by fibrous coat called the…
tunica albuginea
what is the function of the testes
to produce sperm and hormones (testosterone)
each testis is divided into lobules by what
fibrous septa
what lies within the lobules
coiled seminiferous tubules
the seminiferous tubules open into a network of channels called the…
rete testis
efferent ductules join the rete testes to the…
epididymis
efferent ductules join the rete testes to the
epididymis
what is the epididymis
a long coiled tube that lies posterior to the testes (it is so tightly compacted it appears solid)
the length of the epididymis acts as a storage and maturation site for…
spermatazoa
the tail of the epididymis is continuous with what
the ductus (vas) deferens that passes into the spermatic cord
what is the tunica vaginalis
a closed peritoneal sac containing a double layer of connective tissues
the visceral layer is a closely applies to the
testis, epididymis and the inferior part of the ductus deferens
the parietal layer extends further superiorly than the visceral layer and reaches into the
distal spermatic cord
a small amount of fluid in the cavity between the two layers reduces…
friction and allows the testis to move freely
the spermatic cord is covered by what 3 things
internal spermatic fascia
the cremasteric fascia
the external spermatic fascia
the cord consists of
the ductus deferens, carrying sperm
blood vessels, supplying and draining testicular blood
sympathetic and somatic nerves
lymphatic vessels
ductus deferens is the continuation of the
epididymis
is ascends in the _________ ____ into the abdominal cavity
spermatic cord
loops over the ______ on its respective side and descends posterior to the _______ ________.
ureter
urinary bladder
the ductus deferens combines with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the
ejaculatory duct
what does seminal fluid do
help sperm survive in the female reproductive tract
the seminal vesicles lie posteroinferiorly to the _______, anterior to the ______ and inferior to the _________
bladder
rectum
peritoneum
the secrete components of semical fluid that mixes with sperm as they pass into the
ejaculatory ducts
the fluid produces by the seminal vesicles is alkaline fluid, why
protects the sperm from the acidic nature of the urethra and female reproductive tract
this fluid contains fructose which provides
an energy source for the sperm
and prostaglandins which have a role in lowering the
female immune response to seminal fluid
and coagulation factors which coagulate seminal fluid to help deliver sperm as
directly as possible
ejaculatory ducts arise from the combination of what?
ductus deferens with the ducts of the seminal vesicles
They arise near the neck of the bladder and pass through the posterior part of the…
prostate
They open into the…
urethra within the prostate
The prostatic ducts open into the prostatic urethra. Prostatic fluid is thin and milky and supplies 20-25% of the volume of semen. what do the secretions do
The secretions aid mobility of the sperm.
bulbourethral glands lie immediately inferior to the prostate gland. Though their ducts actually open into the
penile/spongy urethra
the secretions add volumes to semen.These glands produce what is known as ___-________ which flushes out the urethra and acts as a lubricant.
pre ejaculate
the penis is made up of..
a root, body and glans
the erectile tissue found throughout the penis are
the corpus spongiosum and the corpora cavenosa
the corpus spongiosum is a spongey tissue, what travels through this
the penile/spongy urethra. The sponginess of the tissue it avoids occlusion of the urethra during erection
the frenulum connects what
the skin of the body of the penis to the glans penis
the foreskin or prepuce is a fold of skin that covers the glans penis and can be retracted back
glans penis and can be retracted back
