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PSC2018 > E-learning 4 genitourinary system > Flashcards

E-learning 4 genitourinary system Flashcards

1
Q

below the pelvic floor there is a region called the

A

perineum where the external ganglia extends from

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2
Q

the pelvic region can be divided into what

A

the greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis

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3
Q

the lesser pelvis is what we know as the

A

pelvis cavity

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4
Q

female reproductive/sexual organs

A

the vagina
the uterus
the uterine (fallopian) tubes
the ovaries

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5
Q

male reproductive/sexual organs

A

the testes
the epididymides
the ductus deferentes
the seminal vesicles
the ejaculatory ducts
the prostate
the bulbourethral glands

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6
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

paired kidneys
paired ureters
bladder
urethra

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7
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys

A

excrete most of the waste products of metabolism
filter the blood, removing waste products and producing urine
controlling water volume and ion concentrations and in maintaining the acid/base balance of the blood

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8
Q

what is the outer layer of the kidney

A

cortex

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9
Q

what is the inner layer of the kidneys

A

medulla

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10
Q

the pyramids of the cortex drain into what?

A

minor calyces

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11
Q

around 2-3 minor calyces drain into each of the

A

major calyces

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12
Q

the major calyces drain into the

A

renal pelvis which empties through the ureters towards the bladder

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13
Q

the point where the structures enter or exit the kidney is known as the

A

hilum

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14
Q

the structure entering/exiting the hilum are

A

renal vein
renal artery
ureter
lymphatics and sympathetics

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15
Q

blood entering the the kidneys for filtration passes through knots of capillaries called…

A

glomeruli

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16
Q

the glomeruli are contained in the…

A

bowmans capsule

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17
Q

where are useful substances to the body reabsorbed

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

where is water reabsorbed

A

the loop of henle

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19
Q

where does are waste products that were not filtered out in the capsule secreted into the lumen

A

the distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

where are water and ions are reabsorbed into the blood

A

in the collecting duct

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21
Q

what affect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the collecting duct

A

makes it more permeable allowing reabsorption of water

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22
Q

what and where do the renal arteries branch off

A

branch off the abdominal aorta just below the level of L1

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23
Q

what do they divide into to feed blood into the glomeruli

A

afferent arterioles

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24
Q

what arterioles run from the glomeruli and wrap around the nephron

A

efferent arterioles

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25
Q

around the loop of henle the vessels are called the

A

vasa recta

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26
Q

the vasa recta drain into the renal veins which empty into…

A

the inferior vena cava

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27
Q

the two kidneys lie retroperitoneally which means

A

behind the peritoneum on the posterior body wall

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28
Q

the kidneys sit at what level

A

T12 to L3 vertebrae

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29
Q

the kidneys are partially protected by which ribs

A

11 and 12

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30
Q

why does the right kidney usually lie lower than the left

A

due to the large right lobe of the liver

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31
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

on the superior aspect of each kidney

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32
Q

hormones secreted form the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones

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33
Q

hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline

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34
Q

there are three regions where the ureters narrow

A
  1. at the junction between the ureters and the renal pelvis
  2. where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic bone
  3. in the entrance of the ureters into the bladder
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35
Q

the wall of the bladder contains three layers of smooth muscle, an internal, middle and external layer. these form what muscle

A

the detrusor muscle

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36
Q

what are the three types of epithelium the urinary system from the renal pelvis to the urethra can be lined with

A

specialised epithelium, transitional epithelium or urothelium

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37
Q

These cells have the ability to do what

A

stretch, shift over one another and flatten

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38
Q

the empty bladder sits anteriorly in the lesser pelvis inferior to the peritoneum. when full it extends superiorly into what

A

extraperitoneal fat of the anterior body wall

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39
Q

in infants and children younger than six the bladder sits in the

A

abdomen

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40
Q

what is the trigone

A

is a smooth triangular area

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41
Q

the rugae (ridges) that line the majority of the empty bladder flatten out as the

A

bladder fills

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42
Q

what are ureteric orifices

A

where the ureters enter the bladder

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43
Q

the junction between the bladder and the urethra is a smooth muscle sphincter called the…

A

the internal urethral sphincter, this is controlled by autonomic innervation

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44
Q

the internal urethral sphincter is only found in men and its prevents what?

A

ejaculatory reflux of semen into the bladder

45
Q

the urethra is a continuation of the smooth muscle of the bladder but is also contains what

A

a skeletal muscle sphincter, the external urethral sphincter which is under voluntary control.

46
Q

the male urethra can be split into 4 parts

A

pre-prostatic
prostatic
membranous
penile

47
Q

what epithelium is the bladder lined with

A

transitional epithelium

48
Q

the ovaries are almond shape and size. what are they suspended in

A

mesovarium

49
Q

the ovaries are site of what release

A

ovum

50
Q

the ovaries are site of production and release of what hormones

A

oestrogen and progesterone

51
Q

the uterus sits in the

A

lesser pelvis

52
Q

what is the uterus the site of

A

implantation of the blastocyst and subsequent growth of the embryo

53
Q

the uterus can be divided into two main parts

A
  1. the body, the upper 2/3 of the uterus, has two divisions: fundus, the rounded roof of the uterus, superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes, and the isthmus, the relatively narrow part superior to the cervix
  2. the cervix: the cylindrical canal that projects into the vagina
54
Q

the wall of the body of the uterus consists of three layers

A

perimetrium (outer layer consists of thin layer of connective tissue
myometrium (middle layer consists of smooth muscle for labour and menstruation, contains main branches of blood vessels and nerves)
endometrium (the mucous lining of the uterus, provides site for implatation of the blastocyte)

55
Q

what does the stability of the uterus rely on

A

muscles such as the pelvic floor muscles
and connective tissues like uterosacral ligaments to maintain its position

56
Q

the uterine (fallopian) tubes connect the uterus to the

A

ovaries

57
Q

the tubes extend laterally from the uterus ending in fimbrae that waft released

A

ova into the open end of the tube

58
Q

fertilisation usually occurs in the

A

uterine tubes

59
Q

the opening of the uterus is the

A

cervix

60
Q

the cervix forms a canal from what to what

A

vagina to the uterus

61
Q

its inferior opening in the vagina is the

A

external os

62
Q

the superior opening into the uterus is the

A

internal os
between these is the cervical canal

63
Q

the cervical canal guides various structures

A

-sperm must travel through the cervical canal to travel towards the egg for fertilisation
-during labour a baby will move through the dilated cervical canal from the uterus
-cervical mucus is produced here
-during menstruation blood and uterine tissue will exit through the cervical canal into the vagina
-many contraceptive method act on the cervix

64
Q

what is the epithelium of the canal at the internal os

A

squamous

65
Q

what is the epithelium of the canal at the external os

A

stratified to protect itself from the acidic environment of the vagina

66
Q

what is the vagina

A

a musculo-membranous tube that connects the uterus to the external genitalia

67
Q

the superior end of the vagina surrounds the

A

cervix

68
Q

where does the inferior end of the vagina open into

A

the vestibule (a depression between the labia minora)

69
Q

the vagina is related

A

-posteriorly to the base of the bladder and the urethra
-medially to pelvic muscles, fascia and the ureters
-anteriorly to the anal canal, rectum and rectouterine pouch

70
Q

vulva is made up of

A

-external part of the clitoris
-labia majora and minora
-various skin folds
-vestibule

71
Q

prepuce is the

A

clitoral hood

72
Q

the testes are covered by fibrous coat called the…

A

tunica albuginea

73
Q

what is the function of the testes

A

to produce sperm and hormones (testosterone)

74
Q

each testis is divided into lobules by what

A

fibrous septa

75
Q

what lies within the lobules

A

coiled seminiferous tubules

76
Q

the seminiferous tubules open into a network of channels called the…

A

rete testis

77
Q

efferent ductules join the rete testes to the…

A

epididymis

78
Q

efferent ductules join the rete testes to the

A

epididymis

79
Q

what is the epididymis

A

a long coiled tube that lies posterior to the testes (it is so tightly compacted it appears solid)

80
Q

the length of the epididymis acts as a storage and maturation site for…

A

spermatazoa

81
Q

the tail of the epididymis is continuous with what

A

the ductus (vas) deferens that passes into the spermatic cord

82
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis

A

a closed peritoneal sac containing a double layer of connective tissues

83
Q

the visceral layer is a closely applies to the

A

testis, epididymis and the inferior part of the ductus deferens

84
Q

the parietal layer extends further superiorly than the visceral layer and reaches into the

A

distal spermatic cord

85
Q

a small amount of fluid in the cavity between the two layers reduces…

A

friction and allows the testis to move freely

86
Q

the spermatic cord is covered by what 3 things

A

internal spermatic fascia
the cremasteric fascia
the external spermatic fascia

87
Q

the cord consists of

A

the ductus deferens, carrying sperm
blood vessels, supplying and draining testicular blood
sympathetic and somatic nerves
lymphatic vessels

88
Q

ductus deferens is the continuation of the

A

epididymis

89
Q

is ascends in the _________ ____ into the abdominal cavity

A

spermatic cord

90
Q

loops over the ______ on its respective side and descends posterior to the _______ ________.

A

ureter
urinary bladder

91
Q

the ductus deferens combines with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the

A

ejaculatory duct

92
Q

what does seminal fluid do

A

help sperm survive in the female reproductive tract

93
Q

the seminal vesicles lie posteroinferiorly to the _______, anterior to the ______ and inferior to the _________

A

bladder
rectum
peritoneum

94
Q

the secrete components of semical fluid that mixes with sperm as they pass into the

A

ejaculatory ducts

95
Q

the fluid produces by the seminal vesicles is alkaline fluid, why

A

protects the sperm from the acidic nature of the urethra and female reproductive tract

96
Q

this fluid contains fructose which provides

A

an energy source for the sperm

97
Q

and prostaglandins which have a role in lowering the

A

female immune response to seminal fluid

98
Q

and coagulation factors which coagulate seminal fluid to help deliver sperm as

A

directly as possible

99
Q

ejaculatory ducts arise from the combination of what?

A

ductus deferens with the ducts of the seminal vesicles

100
Q

They arise near the neck of the bladder and pass through the posterior part of the…

A

prostate

101
Q

They open into the…

A

urethra within the prostate

102
Q

The prostatic ducts open into the prostatic urethra. Prostatic fluid is thin and milky and supplies 20-25% of the volume of semen. what do the secretions do

A

The secretions aid mobility of the sperm.

103
Q

bulbourethral glands lie immediately inferior to the prostate gland. Though their ducts actually open into the

A

penile/spongy urethra

104
Q

the secretions add volumes to semen.These glands produce what is known as ___-________ which flushes out the urethra and acts as a lubricant.

A

pre ejaculate

105
Q

the penis is made up of..

A

a root, body and glans

106
Q

the erectile tissue found throughout the penis are

A

the corpus spongiosum and the corpora cavenosa

107
Q

the corpus spongiosum is a spongey tissue, what travels through this

A

the penile/spongy urethra. The sponginess of the tissue it avoids occlusion of the urethra during erection

108
Q

the frenulum connects what

A

the skin of the body of the penis to the glans penis

109
Q

the foreskin or prepuce is a fold of skin that covers the glans penis and can be retracted back

A

glans penis and can be retracted back

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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