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PSC2018 > E-learning 6 GI system > Flashcards

E-learning 6 GI system Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract consists of

A
  • oral cavity
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • large intestine (caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
  • anal canal and anus
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2
Q

what are associated with the GI tract

A

the liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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3
Q

what epithelium is the mouth and tongue covered in

A

stratified squamous epithelium with and underlying submucosa containing salivary glands

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4
Q

what are the 3 main salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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5
Q

which gland is below the tounge

A

sublingual

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6
Q

which glad is below the jaw bone (the mandible)

A

submandibular

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7
Q

which gland is close to the ear

A

parotid gland

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8
Q

which gland secretes both serous and mucous saliva

A

submandibular

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9
Q

which gland secretes serous saliva

A

parotid

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10
Q

which gland secretes mucous saliva

A

sublingual

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11
Q

where is saliva produced in the saliva glands

A

the acini

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12
Q

how is saliva produced

A

by active filtration of ions from blood

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13
Q

where is the composition of the saliva modified within the gland

A

in the ducts

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14
Q

what type of saliva does parasympathetic stimulation produce

A

large volumes of watery saliva

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15
Q

what type of saliva does sympathetic stimulation produce

A

small amount of mucous saliva

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16
Q

the functions of saliva

A
  • lubrication due to mucin content
  • digestion due to presence of a-amylase
  • protection of oral mucosa through lubrication, rinsing action and alkaline pH
  • antibacterial through actions of antimicrobial thiocyanate
  • thirst stimulation
  • speech
  • absorption in the mouth
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17
Q

what are the muscles of the tongue and cheeks called

A

buccinator muscles

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18
Q

what do buccinator muscles do

A

aid pulveristation and bolus formation

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19
Q

the muscles of mastication move the mandible (lower jaw bone) bringing its teeth into contact with the teeth of the..

A

maxilla (upper jaw bones)

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20
Q

what is the joint that moves known as

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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21
Q

what are the four muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

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22
Q

which muscle is the main effector

A

temporalis

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23
Q

what does the masseter do

A

elevated and protrudes the lower jaw

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24
Q

what do the pterygoids do

A

help protrude the lower jaw unilaterally which creates side to side movements

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25
Q

(1st) pharyngeal stage of swallowing:
is the initiation of swallowing voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

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26
Q

what pushes the bolus posteriorly

A

the muscles of the tongue

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27
Q

the oral cavity opens into the

A

oropharynx

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28
Q

when is the swallow reflex triggered

A

when the bolus contacts the back of the pharynx

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29
Q

what rises to block off the nasopharynx

A

the soft palate (palatine muscles covered in mucosa)

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30
Q

what blocks the laryngeal opening

A

the elevation of the larynx moves the epiglottis over the laryngeal opening

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31
Q

which muscles lift the larynx to close off the airway

A

muscles of the neck (suprahyoid muscles)

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32
Q

what pushes the food down the pharync and into the oesophagus

A

the pharyngeal constrictors contracting sequentially

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33
Q

(2nd) the oesophageal stage of swallowing:
what pushes the food towards the stomach once the food has entered the oesophagus

A

the involuntary action of the smooth muscle

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34
Q

what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm

A

T10

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35
Q

at the junction between the oesphagus and stomach there is the

A

lower oesophageal sphincter

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36
Q

the lower oesophageal sphincter generally has a high tone which means what

A

is has a degree of sustained contraction
it has to relax when we swallow to allow food to enter into the stomach

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37
Q

bands of muscle from the diaphragm further increases…

A

tension

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38
Q

the oesophagus enters the stomach at what angle

A

and acute angle

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39
Q

all the above features prevent what

A

reflux

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40
Q

what epithelium is the oesophagus lined with throughout its length

A

squamous epithelium

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41
Q

the stomach is J-shaped and it lies just below the

A

diaphragm to the left of the abdominal cavity

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42
Q

the stomach opens into the duodenum (proximal part of the SI) at the

A

pyloric orifice

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43
Q

the fundus is at the ___ of the stomach

A

top

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44
Q

greater curvature is the

A

outside curve of the stomach

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45
Q

the lesser curvature is the

A

inside curve of the stomach

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46
Q

antrum is the _______ of the stomach

A

bottom

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47
Q

what is after the antrum

A

pylorus and pyloric sphincter

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48
Q

the fundus and body of the stomach secrete acid from

A

parietal cells

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49
Q

they secrete pepsin from

A

peptic/chief cells

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50
Q

the antrum of the stomach produces

A

endocrine secretions which control gastric secretions itself as well as gastric motility

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51
Q

the endocrine secretions are

A

gastrin
histamine
somatostatin

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52
Q

the epithelium of the stomach consists of columnar epithelia. Tight junctions in this layer prevents

A

damage to underlying tissues from acid secretions

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53
Q

the small intestine is divided into three parts

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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54
Q

the duodenum loops round and can be divided into four parts

A

superior, descending, horizontal and ascending

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55
Q

superior part travels

A

superiorly and posteriorly at the side of the vertebral column (L1)

56
Q

the descending part travels

A

inferiorly over part of the kidney (L3)

57
Q

the horizontal part travels

A

medially to the left crossing the aorta (L3)

58
Q

the ascending part travels

A

superiorly on the left of the aorta where it becomes jejunum (L2)

59
Q

the descending duodenum receives further digestive secretions from the liver and gallbladder via the common bile duct and the pancreas via the main pancreatic duct

A
60
Q

the jejunum begins at the

A

duodenojejunal junction to the left of L2 vertebrae

61
Q

the jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine and becomes the

A

ileum

62
Q

the majority of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) are anchored to the

A

posterior abdominal wall

63
Q

whats the main function of the large intestine

A

to absorb ions and water

64
Q

intestinal contents are liquid as the enter the large bowel, absorption of water in the colon produces

A

a more solid mass

65
Q

the muscles of the colon act to move the intestinal contents towards the

A

anus

66
Q

there are three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle found in the large intestine known as

A

taeniae coli

67
Q

the large intestine is split into regins

A

caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal

68
Q

caecum

A

the first section of the large intestine
begins at the ileocaecal junction
it is a pouch of the large intestine and it contains the vermiform appendix

69
Q

colon

A

the ascending colon travels superiorly from the right lower to right upper quadrant which then forms a 90 degree bend to the left into the transverse colon, this angle is the colic flexure

70
Q

the transverse colon travels from the right upper quadrant where it forms a 90 degree bend into the

A

descending colon, this angle is known as the left colic flexure

71
Q

the descending colon travels from the left upper quadrant to the left lower quadrant then becomes the sigmoid colon which is s shapes and connects the descending colon to the

A

rectum

72
Q

the rectum and anal canal sit within the pelvic cavity posterior

A

to the vagina/prostate

73
Q

where is the liver is found

A

right upper quadrant of the abdomen, directly beneath the diaphragm.

74
Q

the liver consists of four lobes

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

75
Q

It is made up of a fundus (top), body (middle) and neck (bottom). the neck leads to the ____ ____ which transports bile to and from the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

76
Q

Bile has multiple functions in the body. Its bicarbonate content produces an alkaline pH that serves to decrease the acidity of gastric contents released from the stomach, thus preventing damage to the intestines. Decreased pH also facilitates the emulsion of fats from the stomach by salts contained in the bile. The emulsification of fats by bile salts increases the surface area of these insoluble nutrients and increases the rate of their digestion.

A
77
Q

what cells produce bile

A

hepatocytes in the liver

78
Q

Hepatocytes or liver cells are epithelial cells that are arranged to form a…

A

3D lattice

79
Q

in the liver, ______ run between each layer of hepatocytes.

A

sinusoids

80
Q

what do sinusoids allow

A

close contact between the hepatocytes and the portal blood supply

81
Q

The products of hepatocyte function are removed via small channels between the cells, called…

A

canaliculi

82
Q

The canaliculi then drain into the….

A

bile ducts

83
Q

Bile drains from the liver via the right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the…

A

common hepatic duct.

84
Q

the common hepatic duct is joined by the _____ _____ that drains bile from the gallbladder.

A

cystic duct

85
Q

This unity forms the…

A

common bile duct

86
Q

The presence of food in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder to do what

A

contract

87
Q

Bile travels down the cystic duct to the common bile duct and then to the….

A

duodenum.

88
Q

All of these ducts combine to form the biliary tract.

A
89
Q

The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct at the __________ _________ (enlarged portion) which opens into the duodenum.

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

90
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

It lies horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall. It sits posterior to the stomach.

91
Q

what 5 regions is the pancreas split into

A

uncinate process
head
neck
body
tail

92
Q

Exocrine tissues of the pancreas release…

A

pancreatic juice

93
Q

Pancreatic juice has two components:

A

Alkaline secretion
Enzyme rich secretion

94
Q

what does the Alkaline secretion consist of

A

high bicarbonate
low enzyme content

95
Q

what does the enzyme rich secretion consist of

A

contains the major enzymes involved in digestion
It is secreted as pre-enzymes that are activated in the gut so that they don’t digest the pancreas.

96
Q

sympathetic stimulation _______ secretions parasympathetic stimulation ________ secretions

A

decreases
increases

97
Q

Pancreatic juice is transported to the duodenum via the…

A

main pancreatic duct

98
Q

the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (known as the ampulla of vater)

99
Q

Their entrance to the descending duodenum is controlled by what

A

the Hepatopancreatic Sphincter (of Oddi).

100
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

a layer of connective tissue that covers the walls and all of the viscera of the abdomen

101
Q

As the peritoneum moves off a structure of the abdomen it will create a reflection. There is a reflection or ‘flap’ of peritoneum that covers the abdominal contents called the

A

greater omentum

102
Q

There is also a major reflection of the peritoneum from the posterior abdominal wall surrounding majority of the small intestines. This is known as

A

the mesentery

103
Q

the wall of the digestive tract consists of the same 4 layers throughout

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

104
Q

the mucosa has three component layers

A

epithelium -This thin layer lines the lumen of the tube, it may be simple or stratified, squamous or columnar.
lamina propria - This is a layer of loose connective tissue.
muscularis mucosa - This consists of a thin layer of smooth muscle cells causing localised contractions in the mucosa.

105
Q

submucosa

A

The submucosa is a layer of dense connective tissue that contains the submucosal plexus (part of the enteric nervous system)

106
Q

muscularis externa

A

This section of the GI wall consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. Waves of contraction and relaxation along these layers force food along the digestive tract, an action known as peristalsis.

107
Q

serosa

A

This layer of epithelium forms part of the peritoneum.

108
Q

small intestine:
The recessions between the villi are known as…

A

crypts

109
Q

The epithelial surface of the villi is simple columnar. There are numerous microvilli on the surface of these cells that form a…

A

brush border

110
Q

Four specialised cells are present within the epithelium of the villi

A

Absorptive cells: they secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients.
Goblet cells: these produce mucus that lubricates and protects the epithelium from mechanical damage.
Granular cells: these secrete enzymes and protect epithelium from bacteria.
APUD cells: these cells produce endocrine secretions that regulate secretion and motility of the GI tract and associated glands.

111
Q

The epithelium of the large intestine is not villous as in the small intestines. The epithelium of the large intestine is simple columnar and contains crypts but not villi.

Goblet and absorptive cells are present. APUD cells are present but sparse.

Goblet cells are more numerous here than in the small intestine and therefore the amount of mucus in the large intestine is greater.

A
112
Q

Branches of the coeliac trunk supply the foregut structures which includes…

A

the stomach, superior duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen and pancreas.

113
Q

The coeliac trunk immediately splits into what three smaller branches

A

common hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries

114
Q

what is the stomach supplied by

A

left and right gastric arteries and the left and right gastroepiploic arteries.

115
Q

what is the superior duodenum supplied by

A

the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.

116
Q

what is the liver supplied by

A

the left and right hepatic arteries (branches of the hepatic artery proper).

117
Q

what is the gallbladder supplied by

A

the cystic artery (branch of the right hepatic artery)

118
Q

what is the spleen supplied by

A

the splenic artery

119
Q

what is the pancreas supplied by

A

the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery.

120
Q

The superior mesenteric artery supplies midgut structures. These include the…

A

small and large intestines from the inferior duodenum to the proximal half of the transverse colon.

121
Q

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery. this supplies…

A

the inferior part of the duodenum and pancreas

122
Q

Numerous branches of the superior mesenteric artery form large loops, known as…

A

arcades

123
Q

what does these arcades supply

A

the jejunum and ileum

124
Q

what does the ileocolic artery supply

A

the terminal ileum, caecum, vermiform appendix and proximal ascending colon.

125
Q

what does the right colic artery supply

A

the distal ascending colon

126
Q

what does the middle colic artery supply

A

the distal transverse colon

127
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the…

A

hindgut structures

128
Q

what are the hindgut structures

A

the large intestines from the proximal transverse colon to the rectum.

129
Q

what does the left colic artery supply

A

the descending colon

130
Q

what is the sigmoid colon supplied by

A

the sigmoid arteries

131
Q

what does the superior rectal artery supply

A

the proximal rectum

132
Q

The blood that has flowed through the intestines is now full of amino acids and monosaccharides as well as any poisons and toxins that may have been absorbed.
Before it can be returned to the heart and lungs what happens to the blood

A

it is filtered by the liver

133
Q

Blood drains from the capillaries of the intestines into the…

A

superior and inferior mesenteric veins

134
Q

the superior and inferior mesenteric veins join the splenic vein to form..

A

hepatic portal vein

135
Q

the hepatic portal vein carries deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the…

A

liver

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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