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PSC2018 > E-learning 2 cardiovascular > Flashcards

E-learning 2 cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two systems in the heart

A

pulmonary and systemic

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2
Q

contraction of the ventricles is

A

systole

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3
Q

relaxation of the ventricles is

A

diastole

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4
Q

blood leaves the right ventricle through what vessel

A

the pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk divide into

A

the left and right pulmonary arteries

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6
Q

where does the blood enter after its been oxygenated at the lungs

A

the left atrium

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7
Q

the thoracic cage protects the contents of the thorax.
what is it made up of

A

the ribs
costal cartilage
sternum (anteriorly)
thoracic vertebrae (posteriorly)

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8
Q

what is the superior thoracic aperture

A

the opening at the top of the thoracic cage which is a passage between the thoracic cavity and neck

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9
Q

what is the inferior thoracic aperture

A

where the diaphragm attached to the thoracic cage

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10
Q

what are the three regions in the thoracic cavity

A

right pleural cavity
mediastinum
left pleural cavity

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11
Q

what do the right and left pleural cavities contain

A

the lungs

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12
Q

what is the central compartment of the thoracic cage

A

mediastinum

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13
Q

what are the two main compartments of the mediastinum

A

superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum

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14
Q

the sternal angle is a horizontal plane between the superior and inferior mediastinum. what number thoracic vertebrae does it divide

A

T4 and T5

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15
Q

the inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into the

A

anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum and posterior mediastinum

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16
Q

the superior mediastinum contains what

A

the oesophagus
the trachea
the arch of the aorta
superior vena cava
left and right phrenic nerves
vagus nerves
thoracic duct
sympathetic chains

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17
Q

anterior mediastinum consists of

A

fat and the thymus

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18
Q

middle mediastinum contains the

A

heart and pericardium

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19
Q

posterior mediastinum contains

A

the descending aorta
the oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygos systems of veins

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20
Q

what is the azygos system of veins

A

H shaped configuration of the azygos, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.
this system drains the posterior thoracic wall

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21
Q

sympathetic chains are adjacent to what

A

to the vertebral bodies

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22
Q

what is the thoracic duct

A

main lymphatic vessel for the return of lymph to the venous system

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23
Q

what is the thymus

A

a T cell producing lymphoid organ

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24
Q

phrenic nerve

A

a paired nerve that supplies the diaphragm

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25
Q

what nerve roots does the phrenic nerve come from

A

C3, C4, C5

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26
Q

what does the vagus nerve (CNX) do

A

provides the parasympathetic input to the gastrointestinal system and to the heart

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27
Q

the pericardium is a membrane that covers the

A

heart

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28
Q

it consists of what two layers

A

an outer fibrous layer
an inner thin serous layer that reflects from the inside of the fibrous sac onto the surface of the heart

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29
Q

serous pericardium has two layers, what are they?

A

visceral layer (epicardium) - inner layer of the serous pericardium
parietal layer - the outer layer of the serous pericardium which lines the fibrous pericardium
between the double layer is a lubricating fluid which reduces the friction caused when the heart contracts

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30
Q

functions of the pericardium

A

protection from infection
fixes the heart in the mediastinum and limits its motion (attached to the diaphragm, sternum and tunica adventitia)
lubrication (prevents friction)
prevents rapid overfilling of the heart

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31
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

when blood or fluid accumulates in the pericardium compressing the heart preventing the ventricles from expanding fully and impeding its blood supply

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32
Q

what does pericarditis mean

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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33
Q

what is pericardiocentesis

A

a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the pericardium

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34
Q

what great vessels are on the right side of the heart

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk

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35
Q

what does the superior vena cava do

A

brings de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the systemic circulation superior to the heart (upper limbs, thorax, head and neck)

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36
Q

what does the inferior vena cava do

A

brings de oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the systemic circulation inferior to the heart (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs)

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37
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk do

A

exits the right ventricle, taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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38
Q

what great vessels are on the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary veins
aorta

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39
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do

A

these enter the left atrium on the posterior aspect of the heart carrying oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation

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40
Q

what are the 4 pulmonary veins

A

left superior and left inferior pulmonary veins
right superior and left inferior pulmonary veins

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41
Q

what does the aorta do

A

known as the ascending aorta as it leave the heart, carries high pressure oxygenated blood to the bod in the systemic circulation

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42
Q

what vertebrae level is the base of the heart

A

T6-9

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43
Q

what intercostal space does the apex of the heart lie between

A

the 5th

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44
Q

the superior border of the heart reaches as high as which costal cartilage

A

the 3rd on the right side
the 2nd intercostal space on the left side

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45
Q

the right margin of the heart extends from the ____ costal cartilage to near the ____ costal cartilage

A

third to sixth

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46
Q

the left margin of the heart descends laterally from the _____ intercostal space to the apex in the ____ intercostal space

A

second to fifth

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47
Q

layers of the heart:
what is the epicardium

A

consists of a layer of connective tissue and provides a protective layer over the heart

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48
Q

what is the myocardium

A

this is the muscular component of the heart wall, it consists of myocytes or cardiac muscle cells

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49
Q

what is the endocardium

A

this layer of epithelium and connective tissue lines the heart and covers the heart valves

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50
Q

the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that cardiac muscle cells form a highly branched interconnecting network of fibres which allows the heart to operate as a functional syncytium. what does syncytium mean

A

an electrical stimulus to any one part of the heart can cause contraction of the whole myocardium

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51
Q

what seperates the adjacent sarcoplams

A

interclated discs

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52
Q

intercalated discs allow the electrical excitation to pass between cells through

A

gap junctions

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53
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

structure that the cardiac muscle is anchored to

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54
Q

the support is provuded by dense

A

collagen

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55
Q

the networks of collagen forms four fibrous rings that surround the

A

valve openings and two fibrous trigones

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56
Q

the fibrous skeleton serves multiple purposes

A
  • prevents the valve openings from collapsing or distending
  • provides a base for attachment for the leaflets and cusps of valves
  • forms an electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles, preventing the from contracting together
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57
Q

the atria are separated by the

A

interatrial (IA) septum

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58
Q

the ventricles are divided by the

A

interventricular (IV) septum

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59
Q

internal structures of the atria:
what is the atrioventricular orifice (right)

A

the aperture in which blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle. the tricuspid valve is positioned here

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60
Q

what is the atrioventricular (AV) node

A

the electrical relay station between the atria and ventricles. it is located in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus

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61
Q

crista terminalis

A

it is the origin of the pectinate muscles. the sulcus terminalis acts as a surface making for internal crista terminalis

62
Q

fossa ovalis

A

an embryological remnant of the foramen ovale. the foramen ovale is a hole between the two atria in a foetal heart

63
Q

opening of the coronary sinus

A

the coronary sinus is the main cardiac vein. it is where the deoxygenated blood brained from the heart itself returns to the hearts circulation

64
Q

pectinate muscles

A

pectinate means comb like
these are parallel ridges in the wall of the atrium

65
Q

right auricle

A

the is also known as the right atrial appendage
it is a muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium

66
Q

sinoatrial node

A

the pacemaker of the heart.
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, inferolateral to the opening of the superior vena cava along the superior part of the crista terminalis

67
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

a shallow depression marking the point of fusion between the venous part of the right atrium and the true right atrium. the crista terminalis sits of the internal surface on this structure

68
Q

what are papillary muscles

A

extensions of the muscle of the ventricular wall

69
Q

papillary muscles are attached to the valves by the

A

chordae tendineae

70
Q

during systole the papilary muscles…

A

contract

71
Q

this prevents the valves from

A

inverting when theres high pressure

72
Q

structures of the ventricles:
atrioventricular valve has how many cusps (right side)

A

3 (tricuspid)

73
Q

atrioventricular valve has how many cusps (left side)

A

two (bicuspid) , can also be referred to as the mitral valve

74
Q

what is the conus arteriosus

A

the anterosuperior region of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises

75
Q

what is the interventricular groove

A

the groove or sulcus on the external surface of the heart which marks the division between the two ventricles

76
Q

what is the interventricular septum

A

the wall between the left and right ventricles

77
Q

what is the moderator band

A

a thick muscular structure that arises from the interventricular septum and ends at the right anterior papillary muscle. it acts as as shortcut for electric impulses from the right bundle tract

78
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

valves between the ventricles and the great vessels

79
Q

where is the aortic valve

A

between the left ventricle and the aorta

80
Q

where is the pulmonary valve

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

81
Q

how many cusps do semilunar valves have

A

3

82
Q

from the AV node where do the impulses pass along

A

AV bundle of His, through the fibrous skeleton and down the interventricular septum

83
Q

what does it then split into

A

the left and right bundle branches

84
Q

the bundles terminate at an extensive network of fibres called the

A

purkinje fibres

85
Q

where do coronary arteries arise from

A

superior to the cusps of the aortic valve

86
Q

the right coronary artery arises from the

A

right aortic sinus (and vice versa)

87
Q

where does the left coronary artery supply

A

left atrium
most of left ventricle
some of right ventricle
anterior part of the IV septum
the SA node in 40% of the population

88
Q

what does the left coronary artery divide into

A

the anterior interventricular branch and the smaller circumflex branch

89
Q

where does the right coronary artery supply blood to

A

right atrium
most of the right ventricle
some of the left ventricle
posterior IV septum
the SA node in 60% of the population

90
Q

the right coronary artery gives off a sinoatrial node branch that supplies the SA node in 60% of the population, the other 40% gets blood supplied to the SA node by the

A

circumflex branch

91
Q

what other branches does the RCA give off

A

the marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch

92
Q

a network of cardiac veins drains deoxygenate blood from the heart tissue and deposits it in what? and where does this drain into?

A

the coronary sinus
drains directly into the right atrium

93
Q

what causes a heart attack (myocardial infarction)

A

when a coronary artery becomes blocked or severely restricted (myocardium becomes ischaemic)

94
Q

VASCULAR SYSTEM:
what vessels emerge from the heart

A

great vessels

95
Q

great vessels split into smaller and smaller

A

arteries

96
Q

even narrower high resistance vessels are called

A

arterioles

97
Q

arterioles branch into a huge number of

A

capilaries

98
Q

capillaries is the primary site of

A

diffusion of nutrient and waste products between the blood and the tissues

99
Q

capillaries converge to form

A

venules

100
Q

venules converge into

A

veins

101
Q

veins end up at the

A

vena cava which return blood to the right atrium and the pulmonary veins which return blood to the left atrium

102
Q

the wall of blood vessels contain

A

tunica intima (inner most layer)
tunica media (middle layer)
tunica adventitia (outer layer)

103
Q

the intima consists of a single sheet of

A

endothelial cells resting on a thin layer of connective tissue

104
Q

the intima layer is mechanically weak however the endothelium is the main barrier to the

A

plasma proteins and secretes many vasoactive products

105
Q

the media consists of a layer of

A

smooth muscle of varying thickness in a matrix of elastin and collagen

106
Q

the adventitia is a connective tissue sheath with no distinct outer border its main role is to

A

tether vessels loosely in place

107
Q

in large arteries the adventitia contains a small blood vessel network called the

A

vasa vasorum

108
Q

the vasa vasorum is responsible for

A

nourishing the media
in larger arteries the vessel also penetrate the outer tunica media

109
Q

what are the main resistance vessels because of their narrow lumen and large numbers

A

arterioles

110
Q

what do capillary walls consist of

A

single layer of endothelial cells

111
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

found in the skin and nasal mucosa
wide shunt vessel which bypass the capillary beds

112
Q

veins and venules

A

thin tunica media composed of smooth muscle and collagen
thin walls means they are easily distended and often collapse

113
Q

aorta divided into four parts

A

ascending
arch
descending / thoracic
abdominal

114
Q

what branches off the ascending aorta

A

the left and right coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta and supply the heart

115
Q

what levels is the aortic arch

A

T4/T5

116
Q

aortic arch branches into

A

1st - brachiocephalic trunk which divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery
the arch of the aorta then gives off the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery

117
Q

what do the common carotid arteries divide into and at what level

A

they divide into the internal and external carotis arteries at level of C3

118
Q

the exteral carotid artery is the major blood supple to the

A

neck, face scalp and its respective side

119
Q

the internal carotid artery is the major blood supply to the

A

brain on its respective side

120
Q

subclavian arteries supplys blood to the

A

arm, thoracic wall, shoulder and neck of its respective side

121
Q

what arteries do the subclavian arteries become

A

the axillary and then the brachial artery in the upper limb

122
Q

descending / thoracic aorta sits left of the vertebral column in the thorax it gives off branches that supply blood to the…

A

structures of the thorax e.g the oesophagus, lungs, thoracic wall muscles, pericardium and the superior surface of the diaphragm

123
Q

when does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta

A

as it passed through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the vertebral level of T12

124
Q

abdominal aorta

A

gives off many branches which supply blood to structures of the abdomen, pelvis and lower limb

125
Q

the abdominal aorta splits into which arteries that travel towards the pelvis and lower limb

A

two common iliac arteries

126
Q

what is the first unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta

A

the coeliac trunk

127
Q

where does the coeliac trunk supply blood to

A

stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen

128
Q

where does the coeliac trunk come off the abdominal aorta

A

at the verterbral level of T12

129
Q

what is the second unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta

A

the superior mesenteric artery

130
Q

where does the mesenteric artery supply blood to

A

midgut structure of the abdomen including most of the small intestine and proximal portion of the large intestine

131
Q

where does the mesenteric artery come off the abdominal aorta

A

vertebral level of L1

132
Q

which paired branches come off the abdominal aorta and supply the kidneys

A

the renal arteries

133
Q

where do they renal arteries come off the abdominal aorta

A

vertebral level of L1/L2

134
Q

what is the third unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

135
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to

A

the hindgut structures which is the distal portion of the large intestine

136
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric artery come off the abdominal aorta

A

vertebral level of L3

137
Q

where do the common iliac arteries form the bifurcation (split into two) of the abdominal aorta

A

at the vertebral level of L4

138
Q

the common iliac artery on each side will split into what arteries

A

an internal and an external iliac artery

139
Q

the internal iliac artery supplies structures of the

A

pelvic cavity and perineum

140
Q

external iliac artery continues as the femoral artery and supplies the

A

lower limb on the respective side

141
Q

superior vena cava:
the internal jugular vein drains most of the

A

head and ncek

142
Q

the subclavian vein drains the

A

upper limb

143
Q

the internal jugular and the subclavian veins join togther to form what vein

A

brachiocephalic vein on each side of the body

144
Q

these brachiocephalic veins join togther to form the

A

superior vena cava

145
Q

azygos system which drains the posterior thoracic wall also drains into…

A

the superior vena cava

146
Q

inferior vena cava is formed of the

A

common iliac veins

147
Q

the common iliac veins drain structure of the

A

lower limb and pelvis

148
Q

the main tributaries (veins that branch into the inferior vena cava) of the inferior vena cava include

A

renal, lumbar (lower back) and hepatic (liver) veins

149
Q

what is the portal venous system

A

a collection of veins which drains into the liver before draining into the IVC.

150
Q

where do these veins originate from

A

the digestive organs within the abdomen

151
Q

therefore the blood contains what

A

nutrients and waste that has been absorbed along the GI tract

152
Q

the liver then does what within this blood

A

filters and metabolises these substances.
the filtered blood then returns to the heart via the hepatic veins and the IVC

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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