E-learning 3 respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
what can the respiratory system be divided into
A
upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
2
Q
what does upper respiratory tract include
A
the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
the pharynx
the larynx, above the level of the vocal folds
3
Q
the purpose of the upper respiratory system is to condition inspired air before it reaches the lungs. before reaching the lungs air is…
A
warmed to body temperature
humidified
filtered for particulates
4
Q
what does the lower respiratory tract include
A
the larynx below the level of the vocal folds
the trachea
the bronchi
the bronchioles
the lungs
5
Q
what happens in the lower respiratory tract
A
gas exchange
6
Q
what controls the rhythm of breathing
A
brainstem
7
Q
where is the respiratory center located in the brain
A
medulla oblongata
8
Q
when are the inspiratory neurons active and when are they inactive
A
active during inspiration
inactive during expiration
9
Q
what neurons are active during expiration
A
expiratory neurons
10
Q
this rhythm can be modified by the afferent information. where does the afferent information come from
A
chemoreceptors
the brain
receptors in the lungs
11
Q
what is the function of the lungs
A
to oxygenate blood
12
Q
why is the right lung large than the left
A
heart bulges more into the left
13
Q
what are the lungs surrounded by
A
pleural cavities
14
Q
pulmonary arteries delivery deoxygenated blood to the lungs from what chamber of the heart
A
right ventricle of the heart
15
Q
oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via which vessels
A
pulmonary veins
16
Q
what is the apex of the lungs
A
the top of the lungs which extends superiorly into the root of the neck, above the first rib
17
Q
what are the three surfaces of the lungs
A
costa
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
18
Q
what is the costal surface
A
the front of the lungs, close to ribs and intercostal spaces
19
Q
what is the mediastinal surface
A
the inside surface of the lungs, close to the mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly
20
Q
what does the mediastinal surface contain
A
this surface contains the hilum of the lung
21
Q
what is the diaphragmatic surface
A
base of the lungs, sits on the diaphragm
22
Q
what are the three borders of the lungs
A
inferior border
anterior border
posterior border
23
Q
what does the inferior border separate
A
the base from the costal surface
24
Q
what does the anterior border separate
A
separates costal surface from mediastinal surface
25
what is the posterior border
separates costal surface from the mediastinal surface (this bored is smooth and rounded unlike the others)
26
the right lung has how many lobes
3
27
the left lung has how many lobes
2 lobes
28
what divides the lungs into lobes
the horizontal and oblique fissures
29
the right lung has what 3 lobes
superior, middle and inferior
30
the oblique fissure separates the...
inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobe
31
the horizontal fissure separates the...
superior lobe from the middle lobe
32
what 2 lobes does the left lung have
superior and inferior lobe
33
what fissure separates the inferior and superior lobes
oblique fissure
34
what is the name of the tongue like projection that extends over the anterior surface of the heart
lingula
35
the lungs attach to the hear and trachea by several structures that are collectively referred to as the roots of the lung, the areas at which these structures enter and leave the lung is knows as the
hilum of the lung
36
structures that makeup the root of the lung and enter/leave at the hilum include
a pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
a main bronchus
bronchial vessels
nerves
lymphatics
37
which structure in the hilum has the thickest and strongest walls
bronchi
38
what structure has the second thickest walls
pulmonary arteries
39
which structure has the thinnest walls
pulmonary veins
40
superiorly to inferiorly, where do the structures enter the hilum
top:
pulmonary artery
bronchi
pulmonary veins
bottom:
41
at what level does the apex lie
level T1 (just above the first rib)
42
the most inferior part of the lungs lies at what level
T12 (in contact with the diaphragm)
43
where does the oblique fissure lie (posteriorly, laterally and anteriorly)
posteriorly - T4
laterally - crosses the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to reach rib 6
anteriorly - follows rib 6 and its costal cartilage
44
where does the horizontal fissure lie
lies anteriorly following the contour of rib 4
45
the lungs are enclosed by a thin membrane known as the
pleura
46
the pleura associated with the lungs (inside layer) is known as the
visceral pleura
47
the pleura associated with the walls of the cavity (outside layer) is known as the
parietal pleura
48
the space between the two layers of pleura is a potential space known as the
pleural cavity
49
potential space is a cavity that does not normally exist in healthy people. it has the potential to become a space in illness or injury
50
the function of the pleura and serous fluid is to
allow smooth movement of the lungs as they expand and collapse throughout respiration
the fluid also provides surface tension that keeps the surface of the lung in contact with the thoracic wall
51
regions of the parietal pleura
costal pleura (covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall)
mediastinal pleura (covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum)
diaphragmatic pleura (covers the superior aspect of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum)
cervical pleura (extends through the superior thoracic aperture forming domes pleura over the apex of the lung)
52
if a significant amount of air or fluid enters the pleural cavity what is broken? what does this cause?
the surface tension adhering the visceral and parietal pleura causing the lung to collapse
53
what is hydrothorax
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
54
what is haemothorax
if blood enters the the pleural cavity as a result of injury
55
what do the bones of the thorax consist of
sternum
12 pairs of ribs and their costal cartilages
12 thoracic vertebra (T1-T12)
56
what do the bones of the thorax provide
attachment points for the muscles of respiration
they move to facilitate breathing
provide protection for the vulnerable organs within the thorax
57
the sternum its anteriorly, what does it consist of
manubrium (at the top)
sternal body (in the middle)
xiphoid process (at the bottom)
58
what are ribs 1-7
true ribs
true ribs articulate directly with the sternum via short costal cartilages
59
what are ribs 8 - 12
false ribs
false ribs articulate indirectly with the sternum via long shared costal cartilages
60
what are ribs 11 - 12
floating ribs
they do no articulate with the sternum anteriorly and are shorter and pointier than the other ribs
61
thoracic vertebra
the 12 thoracic vertebra make up the posterior element of the thoracic cage
they articulate with the ribs and with each other
62
what does the diaphragm separate
the thorax from the abdomen
63
whats the large flat bit of the diaphragm called
the central tendon
64
what is the diaphragm attached to
the lower ribs and vertebral column
65
what is the diaphragm innervated by
the left and right phrenic nerves
66
where are the origins of the phrenic nerves
C3-C5
C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive
67
while at rest where it its highest point
T9
68
inferior where if the diaphragm attached with the body wall
at level T12
69
where is the blood supply to the diaphragm from and where does it drain into
blood supply from the intercostal arteries
venous drainage is to the inferior vena cava
70
what 3 major structures travel through the diaphragm
the aorta
the inferior vena cava
the oesophagus
71
what does contraction of the diaphragm do to it
flattens it increasing the volume of the thorax and aids inspiration
72
in addition what directions do the ribs move
up and outwards
73
where are the intercostal muscles located
in between the ribs
74
which type of intercostal muscles are more superficial
external intercostal muscles
75
where do they get blood from and where does it drain into
from the intercostal arteries
drains into the intercostal veins
76
what are they innervated by
the intercostal nerves
77
what is the intercostal neurovascular bundle
the intercostal artery, vein and nerve travelling together in the intercostal space lying at the lower border of each rib
78
what do the external intercostal muscles do
pull the ribs upwards and forwards during inspiration
79
what do the internal intercostal muscles do
pull the ribs down and inwards during active respiration
80
what is the vascular tree composed of
arteries, veins and capillaries which takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart
81
what is the airway tree consist of
air wat filled branching tubes originating from the trachea that take new air to the gas exchange surface and return used air to the environment
82
what is pulmonary oedema
build up of fluid in the interstitial space in the lungs, this increases the diffusion distance of gases between the blood and alveoli (leads to hypoxia)
83
The trachea is the single widest of the conducting airways, however it has the smallest
cross sectional area therefore is responsible for most of the airway resistance
84
what prevents the trachea from collapsing
rings of hyaline cartilage surrounding it
85
where does the bifurication of the trachea into two bronchi occur
level T4
86
why is level T4 important
It is the level of the sternal angle (angle between the manubrium and body of the sternum)
It is the level where the trachea bifurcate into the two main bronchi
It is the level of the arch of the aorta
It is where the second rib articulates with the sternum
87
at about the 12th division of the bronchi what can be found
brochioles
88
alveoli are arranged in what...
lung lobules
89
what are lung lobules
cluster of alveoli surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries
90
what is the apical surface of the alveoli covered in
surfactant
91
histology of upper respiratory tract:
the nasal cavity and sinuses has a large SA, why
to warm and moisten inhaled air
92
the nasal cavity is lined with what epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
93
what do the columnar cells have on their surface
cilia
94
what other cells does the epithelium contain to secrete mucous
goblet cells
95
histology of the lower respiratory tract:
the bronchial tree is lined with what type of epithelium in the larger bronchi
respiratory type epithelium
96
what epithelium and the bronchioles lined with
simple ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells are sparse
97
what is the respiratory bronchioles lined with
cuboidal ciliated epithelium
98
what are the alveolar ducts lined with
flattened epithelium
99
what cells does the alveoli consist of
type I and II pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages
100
the alveolar wall contains lots of
elastin
101
type I pneumocytes are very thin allowing what
gaseous diffusion
102
pneumocytes are flattened cells with flattened nuclei and are joined together by what
tight junctions
103
what do type II pneumocytes secrete
surfactant
104
these cells are round and contain mitochondria.
105
what does surfactant do
acts as a detergent reducing alveolar surface tension preventing the collapse of the alveoli during expiration and facilitating inspirational expansion
