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PSC2018 > E-learning 3 respiratory system > Flashcards

E-learning 3 respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what can the respiratory system be divided into

A

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

what does upper respiratory tract include

A

the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
the pharynx
the larynx, above the level of the vocal folds

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3
Q

the purpose of the upper respiratory system is to condition inspired air before it reaches the lungs. before reaching the lungs air is…

A

warmed to body temperature
humidified
filtered for particulates

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4
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract include

A

the larynx below the level of the vocal folds
the trachea
the bronchi
the bronchioles
the lungs

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5
Q

what happens in the lower respiratory tract

A

gas exchange

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6
Q

what controls the rhythm of breathing

A

brainstem

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7
Q

where is the respiratory center located in the brain

A

medulla oblongata

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8
Q

when are the inspiratory neurons active and when are they inactive

A

active during inspiration
inactive during expiration

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9
Q

what neurons are active during expiration

A

expiratory neurons

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10
Q

this rhythm can be modified by the afferent information. where does the afferent information come from

A

chemoreceptors
the brain
receptors in the lungs

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11
Q

what is the function of the lungs

A

to oxygenate blood

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12
Q

why is the right lung large than the left

A

heart bulges more into the left

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13
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

pleural cavities

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14
Q

pulmonary arteries delivery deoxygenated blood to the lungs from what chamber of the heart

A

right ventricle of the heart

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15
Q

oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via which vessels

A

pulmonary veins

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16
Q

what is the apex of the lungs

A

the top of the lungs which extends superiorly into the root of the neck, above the first rib

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17
Q

what are the three surfaces of the lungs

A

costa
mediastinal
diaphragmatic

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18
Q

what is the costal surface

A

the front of the lungs, close to ribs and intercostal spaces

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19
Q

what is the mediastinal surface

A

the inside surface of the lungs, close to the mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly

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20
Q

what does the mediastinal surface contain

A

this surface contains the hilum of the lung

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21
Q

what is the diaphragmatic surface

A

base of the lungs, sits on the diaphragm

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22
Q

what are the three borders of the lungs

A

inferior border
anterior border
posterior border

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23
Q

what does the inferior border separate

A

the base from the costal surface

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24
Q

what does the anterior border separate

A

separates costal surface from mediastinal surface

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25
Q

what is the posterior border

A

separates costal surface from the mediastinal surface (this bored is smooth and rounded unlike the others)

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26
Q

the right lung has how many lobes

A

3

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27
Q

the left lung has how many lobes

A

2 lobes

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28
Q

what divides the lungs into lobes

A

the horizontal and oblique fissures

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29
Q

the right lung has what 3 lobes

A

superior, middle and inferior

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30
Q

the oblique fissure separates the…

A

inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobe

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31
Q

the horizontal fissure separates the…

A

superior lobe from the middle lobe

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32
Q

what 2 lobes does the left lung have

A

superior and inferior lobe

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33
Q

what fissure separates the inferior and superior lobes

A

oblique fissure

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34
Q

what is the name of the tongue like projection that extends over the anterior surface of the heart

A

lingula

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35
Q

the lungs attach to the hear and trachea by several structures that are collectively referred to as the roots of the lung, the areas at which these structures enter and leave the lung is knows as the

A

hilum of the lung

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36
Q

structures that makeup the root of the lung and enter/leave at the hilum include

A

a pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
a main bronchus
bronchial vessels
nerves
lymphatics

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37
Q

which structure in the hilum has the thickest and strongest walls

A

bronchi

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38
Q

what structure has the second thickest walls

A

pulmonary arteries

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39
Q

which structure has the thinnest walls

A

pulmonary veins

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40
Q

superiorly to inferiorly, where do the structures enter the hilum

A

top:
pulmonary artery
bronchi
pulmonary veins
bottom:

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41
Q

at what level does the apex lie

A

level T1 (just above the first rib)

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42
Q

the most inferior part of the lungs lies at what level

A

T12 (in contact with the diaphragm)

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43
Q

where does the oblique fissure lie (posteriorly, laterally and anteriorly)

A

posteriorly - T4
laterally - crosses the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to reach rib 6
anteriorly - follows rib 6 and its costal cartilage

44
Q

where does the horizontal fissure lie

A

lies anteriorly following the contour of rib 4

45
Q

the lungs are enclosed by a thin membrane known as the

A

pleura

46
Q

the pleura associated with the lungs (inside layer) is known as the

A

visceral pleura

47
Q

the pleura associated with the walls of the cavity (outside layer) is known as the

A

parietal pleura

48
Q

the space between the two layers of pleura is a potential space known as the

A

pleural cavity

49
Q

potential space is a cavity that does not normally exist in healthy people. it has the potential to become a space in illness or injury

A
50
Q

the function of the pleura and serous fluid is to

A

allow smooth movement of the lungs as they expand and collapse throughout respiration
the fluid also provides surface tension that keeps the surface of the lung in contact with the thoracic wall

51
Q

regions of the parietal pleura

A

costal pleura (covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall)
mediastinal pleura (covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum)
diaphragmatic pleura (covers the superior aspect of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum)
cervical pleura (extends through the superior thoracic aperture forming domes pleura over the apex of the lung)

52
Q

if a significant amount of air or fluid enters the pleural cavity what is broken? what does this cause?

A

the surface tension adhering the visceral and parietal pleura causing the lung to collapse

53
Q

what is hydrothorax

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

54
Q

what is haemothorax

A

if blood enters the the pleural cavity as a result of injury

55
Q

what do the bones of the thorax consist of

A

sternum
12 pairs of ribs and their costal cartilages
12 thoracic vertebra (T1-T12)

56
Q

what do the bones of the thorax provide

A

attachment points for the muscles of respiration
they move to facilitate breathing
provide protection for the vulnerable organs within the thorax

57
Q

the sternum its anteriorly, what does it consist of

A

manubrium (at the top)
sternal body (in the middle)
xiphoid process (at the bottom)

58
Q

what are ribs 1-7

A

true ribs
true ribs articulate directly with the sternum via short costal cartilages

59
Q

what are ribs 8 - 12

A

false ribs
false ribs articulate indirectly with the sternum via long shared costal cartilages

60
Q

what are ribs 11 - 12

A

floating ribs
they do no articulate with the sternum anteriorly and are shorter and pointier than the other ribs

61
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

the 12 thoracic vertebra make up the posterior element of the thoracic cage
they articulate with the ribs and with each other

62
Q

what does the diaphragm separate

A

the thorax from the abdomen

63
Q

whats the large flat bit of the diaphragm called

A

the central tendon

64
Q

what is the diaphragm attached to

A

the lower ribs and vertebral column

65
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by

A

the left and right phrenic nerves

66
Q

where are the origins of the phrenic nerves

A

C3-C5
C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive

67
Q

while at rest where it its highest point

A

T9

68
Q

inferior where if the diaphragm attached with the body wall

A

at level T12

69
Q

where is the blood supply to the diaphragm from and where does it drain into

A

blood supply from the intercostal arteries
venous drainage is to the inferior vena cava

70
Q

what 3 major structures travel through the diaphragm

A

the aorta
the inferior vena cava
the oesophagus

71
Q

what does contraction of the diaphragm do to it

A

flattens it increasing the volume of the thorax and aids inspiration

72
Q

in addition what directions do the ribs move

A

up and outwards

73
Q

where are the intercostal muscles located

A

in between the ribs

74
Q

which type of intercostal muscles are more superficial

A

external intercostal muscles

75
Q

where do they get blood from and where does it drain into

A

from the intercostal arteries
drains into the intercostal veins

76
Q

what are they innervated by

A

the intercostal nerves

77
Q

what is the intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

the intercostal artery, vein and nerve travelling together in the intercostal space lying at the lower border of each rib

78
Q

what do the external intercostal muscles do

A

pull the ribs upwards and forwards during inspiration

79
Q

what do the internal intercostal muscles do

A

pull the ribs down and inwards during active respiration

80
Q

what is the vascular tree composed of

A

arteries, veins and capillaries which takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

81
Q

what is the airway tree consist of

A

air wat filled branching tubes originating from the trachea that take new air to the gas exchange surface and return used air to the environment

82
Q

what is pulmonary oedema

A

build up of fluid in the interstitial space in the lungs, this increases the diffusion distance of gases between the blood and alveoli (leads to hypoxia)

83
Q

The trachea is the single widest of the conducting airways, however it has the smallest

A

cross sectional area therefore is responsible for most of the airway resistance

84
Q

what prevents the trachea from collapsing

A

rings of hyaline cartilage surrounding it

85
Q

where does the bifurication of the trachea into two bronchi occur

A

level T4

86
Q

why is level T4 important

A

It is the level of the sternal angle (angle between the manubrium and body of the sternum)
It is the level where the trachea bifurcate into the two main bronchi
It is the level of the arch of the aorta
It is where the second rib articulates with the sternum

87
Q

at about the 12th division of the bronchi what can be found

A

brochioles

88
Q

alveoli are arranged in what…

A

lung lobules

89
Q

what are lung lobules

A

cluster of alveoli surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

90
Q

what is the apical surface of the alveoli covered in

A

surfactant

91
Q

histology of upper respiratory tract:
the nasal cavity and sinuses has a large SA, why

A

to warm and moisten inhaled air

92
Q

the nasal cavity is lined with what epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

93
Q

what do the columnar cells have on their surface

A

cilia

94
Q

what other cells does the epithelium contain to secrete mucous

A

goblet cells

95
Q

histology of the lower respiratory tract:
the bronchial tree is lined with what type of epithelium in the larger bronchi

A

respiratory type epithelium

96
Q

what epithelium and the bronchioles lined with

A

simple ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells are sparse

97
Q

what is the respiratory bronchioles lined with

A

cuboidal ciliated epithelium

98
Q

what are the alveolar ducts lined with

A

flattened epithelium

99
Q

what cells does the alveoli consist of

A

type I and II pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages

100
Q

the alveolar wall contains lots of

A

elastin

101
Q

type I pneumocytes are very thin allowing what

A

gaseous diffusion

102
Q

pneumocytes are flattened cells with flattened nuclei and are joined together by what

A

tight junctions

103
Q

what do type II pneumocytes secrete

A

surfactant

104
Q

these cells are round and contain mitochondria.

A
105
Q

what does surfactant do

A

acts as a detergent reducing alveolar surface tension preventing the collapse of the alveoli during expiration and facilitating inspirational expansion

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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