E-learning 1 Flashcards
anatomical position
facing forward
arms down at the side
palms facing forward, thumbs pointing out
right and left are from the view point of the patient
anterior means
the front of the body
posterior means
the back of the body
talocrural region is the
ankle
transverse plane
splits the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections. also know as horizontal or axial plane
coronal plane
splits the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. also known as the frontal plane
sagittal plane
splits the body into left and right sections
oblique plane
splits the body at an angle
viscera
internal organs in the main cavities of the body
process
a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body
articulate
to form a joint, the action or manner of jointing between bonds and/or cartilages
rectus
coming from the word straight
glosso
relating to the tongue
intra
inside/within
para
beside/alongside of
sigmoid
crescent shaped, S shaped
dura
coming from the word meaning tough or hard
genio
relation to the chin
papilla
meaning nipple or small protuberance
hypo
under or below
teres
coming from the work meaning rounded
tubercle
any round nodule, small eminence or wart outgrowth found of an anatomical structure
superior (cranial)
towards the top/ nearer the head
inferior (caudal)
towards the bottom/ nearer the feet
anterior (ventral)
towards/ nearer to the front
posterior (dorsal)
towards/ nearer to the back
medial
towards/ nearer the median plane
lateral
farther from the median plane
proximal
towards/ nearer the trunk or point of origin
distal
farther from the trunk of the point of origin
superficial
nearer to or on the surface
deep
farther from the surface
dorsum
dorsal surface part of hand or foot
palm
palmar surface of the hand
sole
plantar surface of the foot
bilateral
relating to 2 sides (arms are bilateral)
unilateral
relating to one side (the spleen in unilateral)
Ipsilateral
belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body (the stomach s ipsilateral to the spleen)
contralateral
relating to the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs (the liver is contralateral to the spleen)
there are seven cervical vertebrae termed
C1-C7
12 thoracic vertebrae termed
T1-T12
there are 5 lumbar vertebrae termed
L1-L5
5 sacral vertebrae termed
S1-S5
the trunk of the body can be split in to three regions
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
thorax
chest which contains the heart lings and great vessels
boundaries of the thorax are made up of the thoracic cage and wall muscles. the thoracic cage is also known as the
rib cage
the superior boundary of the thorax is the
superior thoracic inlet
the inferior boundary is the
diaphragm
the posterior boundary in the
ribs and thoracic vertebrae
the anterior boundary is the
ribs, costal cartilage and the sternum
abdomen contains the
liver
gallbladder
oesophagus
spleen
stomach
small intestine
kidneys
adrenal glands
pelvis is protected by
hip bone
pelvis is made up off
ilium, ischium and pubis
the two subdivisions of the pelvis are known as the
greater ‘false’ pelvis and the lesser ‘true’ pelvis
upper limb consists of
shoulder, arm, forearm and hand
upper limb attaches through the
scapula
lower limb consists of the
thigh, lower leg and foot
the lower limb attaches through the
body pelvis (hip joint)
humans have the following body systems
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
cardiovascular
respiratory
endocrine
immune
gastrointestinal / digestive
genitourinary / urogenital
nervous
cardiovascular system
primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body and carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
respiratory system
consists of the nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree and lungs. primary function is breathing and gas exchange
skeletal system
consists of all the bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body. structure and locomotive function
integumentary system
includes epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair and nails. it is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external and internal environment
muscular system
consists of specialised cells called muscle fibres. muscle fibres are attached to bones or other structures and they are responsible for movement
genitourinary / urogenital system
consists of kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra and sexual organs
gastrointestinal / digestive system
consists of the mouth, pharynx (mouth), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. it also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids
immune system
consists of a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. it detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens
nervous system
consists of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue. coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body
endocrine system
messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands into the circulatory system regulating target organs
bonds provide
protection of major organs
forming the mechanical basis for movement
haemopoesis: enthrocytes and b lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow
storage of salts in bone
there are two types of mature bone
compact and spongy
parts of the skeleton that are not formed by bone consist of
cartilage
3 types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
axial bs appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton includes all the bones along the bodys long axis
the axial skeleton includes the bones that form the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
the bones of the appendicular skeleton append to the axical skeleton
the bones we should know well
skull
mandible
sternum
clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges (fingers)
costal cartilages
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
hip bone
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges (toes)
