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PSC2018 > E-learning 5 immune system > Flashcards

E-learning 5 immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most predominant type of granulocyte in the blood

A

neutrophil

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2
Q

what type of cells are neutrophils

A

phagocytic cells

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3
Q

what cells are found at the sites of acute inflammation

A

neutrophils

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4
Q

what type of cell is an eosinophil

A

granulocyte

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5
Q

what are eosinophils important for

A

defense against parasitic infections

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6
Q

eosinophils are involved in atopic reactions such as

A

asthma

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7
Q

what granulocyte is found in relatively low numbers in normal blood

A

basophil

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8
Q

what do granules contain

A

histamine, leukotrines, vasoactive mediators and platelet activating factor

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9
Q

what are the major phagocytic cells which play a critical part in innate immunity

A

macrophage

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10
Q

what cell differentiates into a macrophage upon migration into the tissues

A

a monocyte

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11
Q

what are the different forms of lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells
Mast cells

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12
Q

what do B cells differentiate into as part of the specific immune response

A

antibody secreting plasma cells

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13
Q

where do T cells mature

A

the thymus

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of T cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

what do helper T cells do

A

activate other cells such as B cells and macrophages

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16
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

kill virus infected cells

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17
Q

Natural killer cells are part of which immune response

A

innate
they can detect and attack some virus infected cells

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18
Q

mast cells release substances from their granules that affect what?

A

vascular permeability

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19
Q

what do the granules of mast cells contain

A

histamine and heparin

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20
Q

all immune cells are produced from which stem cells

A

haematopoietic

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21
Q

what are primary lymphoid tissues

A

tissues where lymphocytes develop and mature to a stage where they can recognise antigens

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22
Q

what do primary lymphoid tissues consist of

A

bone marrow and the thymus

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23
Q

what are the two types of marrow

A

red and yellow

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24
Q

which marrow is involved in haematopoiesis

A

red

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25
Q

what is yellow marrow made up of

A

adipocytes

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26
Q

where does haematopoiesis take place at birth

A

in all medullary cavities of the bone

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27
Q

what do lymphocytes descend from

A

a common lymphoid progenitor

28
Q

where do B cells mature

A

in the bone marrow

29
Q

the T cells leave the bone marrow as immature progenitors and travel to the ______ via the blood to complete maturation

A

thymus

30
Q

where does the thymus sit

A

within the thorax, specifically the superior and anterior mediastinum. it is positioned anterior/superficial to the heart and pericardium but posterior to the sternum

31
Q

why do most developing T cells die in the thymus

A

as they fail to produce a T cell receptor

32
Q

Pro T cells travel to the thymus and enter the

A

cortex

33
Q

positive selection selects only those T cells capable of recognising

A

self MHC

34
Q

cortical epithelial cells present antigens to the T cells on

A

MHC-I and MHC-II

35
Q

cells which recognise MHC-I become what?

A

cytotoxic T cells

36
Q

cells which recognise MHC-II become what?

A

helper T cells

37
Q

surviving T cells advance to what region

A

medullary region

38
Q

negative selection eliminates those T cells which

A

recognise self peptide too much and therefore be dangerous

39
Q

in the medulla what cells present self antigen on MHC-I and II

A

dendritic cells

40
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues are found in sites where mature lymphocytes are exposed to and stimulated by what

A

antigens

41
Q

these tissues are

A

lymph vessel
lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

42
Q

what do lymphocytes enter to migrate to the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

high endothelial venules (HEVs) which express adhesion molecules on their endothelium to which lymphocytes bind
adhesion leads to the lymphocyte squeezing through the endothelium into the lymph node

43
Q

what do lymph vessels drain tissue fluid from

A

connective tissue

44
Q

what do the lymph vessels empty by

A

the thoracic duct to the left venous angle

45
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

highly organised, bean shaped structures at junctions between lymph vessels

46
Q

where are lymph nodes found

A

they are aggregated in particular sites around the body such as the neck and groins.

47
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes

A

to filter lymph from tissues

48
Q

antigen is trapped in the lymph node and taken up by

A

antigen presenting cells and it is then presented to lymphocytes passing through the node

49
Q

Afferent lymphatics enter the node in the ______, then pass through the _________ and exit via the efferent lymphatic in the _______.

A

cortex
paracortex
medulla

50
Q

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) enter the lymph node in the

A

paracortex.

51
Q

where are B cells located in the lymph nodes

A

in the primary and secondary follicles in the cortex

52
Q

where are t cells located in the lymph nodes

A

in the paracortex region

53
Q

the spleen is associated posteriorly with the

A

left ribs 9 to 11

54
Q

what do the spleen do

A

collects antigen from the blood presenting it to lymphocytes

55
Q

there are two distinct components of the spleen

A
  1. red pulp is a well perfused-tissue responsible for the filtration role of the spleen, removing ageing and damaged RBCs from the circulation
  2. white pulp has many similarities to a lymph node. it is packed with T cells, B cells and dendritic cells and sifts antigen from the blood instead of the lymph
56
Q

T cells are located in the

A

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

57
Q

B cells are located beyond the sheath in a

A

corona around a germinal centre

58
Q

MALT are found under the epithelium of the following

A

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract

59
Q

gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) include

A
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • peyers patches
  • appendix
60
Q

there are different types of the tonsil

A
  1. palatine tonsils (located at the back of the oral cavity)
  2. tubal tonsils (these are located in the nasopharynx near the opening to the inner ear internally)
  3. lingual tonsil (this sits at the base of the tongue)
61
Q

the adenoids are a type of tonsil which is located high in the

A

nasopharynx behind the nasal cavity and soft palate

62
Q

these four different tonsils create a ring around the openings of the nasal and oral cavities. this provides a line of defence against pathogens which may enter into these openings. this is known as

A

waldeyers ring

63
Q

peyers patches are located in the mucosa throughout the

A

small intestine, particularly in the ileum

64
Q

they collect antigen present in the

A

GI tract

65
Q

the appendix is part of the

A

large intestine

PSC2018 (8 decks)

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