E-learning 5 immune system

Question 1

what is the most predominant type of granulocyte in the blood

Answer 1

neutrophil

Question 2

what type of cells are neutrophils

Answer 2

phagocytic cells

Question 3

what cells are found at the sites of acute inflammation

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

what type of cell is an eosinophil

Answer 4

granulocyte

Question 5

what are eosinophils important for

Answer 5

defense against parasitic infections

Question 6

eosinophils are involved in atopic reactions such as

Answer 6

asthma

Question 7

what granulocyte is found in relatively low numbers in normal blood

Answer 7

basophil

Question 8

what do granules contain

Answer 8

histamine, leukotrines, vasoactive mediators and platelet activating factor

Question 9

what are the major phagocytic cells which play a critical part in innate immunity

Answer 9

macrophage

Question 10

what cell differentiates into a macrophage upon migration into the tissues

Answer 10

a monocyte

Question 11

what are the different forms of lymphocytes

Answer 11

B cells
T cells
NK cells
Mast cells

Question 12

what do B cells differentiate into as part of the specific immune response

Answer 12

antibody secreting plasma cells

Question 13

where do T cells mature

Answer 13

the thymus

Question 14

what are the 2 types of T cells

Answer 14

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

what do helper T cells do

Answer 15

activate other cells such as B cells and macrophages

Question 16

what do cytotoxic T cells do

Answer 16

kill virus infected cells

Question 17

Natural killer cells are part of which immune response

Answer 17

innate
they can detect and attack some virus infected cells

Question 18

mast cells release substances from their granules that affect what?

Answer 18

vascular permeability

Question 19

what do the granules of mast cells contain

Answer 19

histamine and heparin

Question 20

all immune cells are produced from which stem cells

Answer 20

haematopoietic

Question 21

what are primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 21

tissues where lymphocytes develop and mature to a stage where they can recognise antigens

Question 22

what do primary lymphoid tissues consist of

Answer 22

bone marrow and the thymus

Question 23

what are the two types of marrow

Answer 23

red and yellow

Question 24

which marrow is involved in haematopoiesis

Answer 24

red

Question 25

what is yellow marrow made up of

Answer 25

adipocytes

Question 26

where does haematopoiesis take place at birth

Answer 26

in all medullary cavities of the bone

Question 27

what do lymphocytes descend from

Answer 27

a common lymphoid progenitor

Question 28

where do B cells mature

Answer 28

in the bone marrow

Question 29

the T cells leave the bone marrow as immature progenitors and travel to the ______ via the blood to complete maturation

Answer 29

thymus

Question 30

where does the thymus sit

Answer 30

within the thorax, specifically the superior and anterior mediastinum. it is positioned anterior/superficial to the heart and pericardium but posterior to the sternum

Question 31

why do most developing T cells die in the thymus

Answer 31

as they fail to produce a T cell receptor

Question 32

Pro T cells travel to the thymus and enter the

Answer 32

cortex

Question 33

positive selection selects only those T cells capable of recognising

Answer 33

self MHC

Question 34

cortical epithelial cells present antigens to the T cells on

Answer 34

MHC-I and MHC-II

Question 35

cells which recognise MHC-I become what?

Answer 35

cytotoxic T cells

Question 36

cells which recognise MHC-II become what?

Answer 36

helper T cells

Question 37

surviving T cells advance to what region

Answer 37

medullary region

Question 38

negative selection eliminates those T cells which

Answer 38

recognise self peptide too much and therefore be dangerous

Question 39

in the medulla what cells present self antigen on MHC-I and II

Answer 39

dendritic cells

Question 40

secondary lymphoid tissues are found in sites where mature lymphocytes are exposed to and stimulated by what

Answer 40

antigens

Question 41

these tissues are

Answer 41

lymph vessel lymph nodes spleen mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 42

what do lymphocytes enter to migrate to the secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 42

high endothelial venules (HEVs) which express adhesion molecules on their endothelium to which lymphocytes bind adhesion leads to the lymphocyte squeezing through the endothelium into the lymph node

Question 43

what do lymph vessels drain tissue fluid from

Answer 43

connective tissue

Question 44

what do the lymph vessels empty by

Answer 44

the thoracic duct to the left venous angle

Question 45

what are lymph nodes

Answer 45

highly organised, bean shaped structures at junctions between lymph vessels

Question 46

where are lymph nodes found

Answer 46

they are aggregated in particular sites around the body such as the neck and groins.

Question 47

what is the function of lymph nodes

Answer 47

to filter lymph from tissues

Question 48

antigen is trapped in the lymph node and taken up by

Answer 48

antigen presenting cells and it is then presented to lymphocytes passing through the node

Question 49

Afferent lymphatics enter the node in the ______, then pass through the _________ and exit via the efferent lymphatic in the _______.

Answer 49

cortex paracortex medulla

Question 50

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) enter the lymph node in the

Answer 50

paracortex.

Question 51

where are B cells located in the lymph nodes

Answer 51

in the primary and secondary follicles in the cortex

Question 52

where are t cells located in the lymph nodes

Answer 52

in the paracortex region

Question 53

the spleen is associated posteriorly with the

Answer 53

left ribs 9 to 11

Question 54

what do the spleen do

Answer 54

collects antigen from the blood presenting it to lymphocytes

Question 55

there are two distinct components of the spleen

Answer 55

1. red pulp is a well perfused-tissue responsible for the filtration role of the spleen, removing ageing and damaged RBCs from the circulation 2. white pulp has many similarities to a lymph node. it is packed with T cells, B cells and dendritic cells and sifts antigen from the blood instead of the lymph

Question 56

T cells are located in the

Answer 56

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

Question 57

B cells are located beyond the sheath in a

Answer 57

corona around a germinal centre

Question 58

MALT are found under the epithelium of the following

Answer 58

respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract genitourinary tract

Question 59

gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) include

Answer 59

- tonsils and adenoids - peyers patches - appendix

Question 60

there are different types of the tonsil

Answer 60

1. palatine tonsils (located at the back of the oral cavity) 2. tubal tonsils (these are located in the nasopharynx near the opening to the inner ear internally) 3. lingual tonsil (this sits at the base of the tongue)

Question 61

the adenoids are a type of tonsil which is located high in the

Answer 61

nasopharynx behind the nasal cavity and soft palate

Question 62

these four different tonsils create a ring around the openings of the nasal and oral cavities. this provides a line of defence against pathogens which may enter into these openings. this is known as

Answer 62

waldeyers ring

Question 63

peyers patches are located in the mucosa throughout the

Answer 63

small intestine, particularly in the ileum

Question 64

they collect antigen present in the

Answer 64

GI tract

Question 65

the appendix is part of the

Answer 65

large intestine