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OT 720- Pediatrics > Dynamic Systems Theory > Flashcards

Dynamic Systems Theory Flashcards

Elements of Intervention/planning and implementation

1
Q

What are the three main factors considered when planning an intervention according to Dynamic Systems Theory?
a) Environment, Diagnosis, Task
b) Child, Task, Environment
c) Performance, Occupation, Diagnosis
d) Skills, Therapy, Outcome

A

B

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2
Q

Which approach focuses on individual task characteristics and system interactions in movement?
a) Top-down
b) Bottom-up
c) Reflexive
d) Cognitive

A

A

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3
Q

In dynamic systems theory, what is considered a central part of the intervention process?
a) Therapist’s preference
b) Active problem solving by the child
c) Repetition of single-step tasks
d) Use of structured routines

A

B

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4
Q

What is the “Just Right Challenge”?
a) A task that can be completed only by an expert
b) A task that is too easy
c) A task that provides an optimal level of challenge for the child’s current abilities
d) A task that is extremely difficult but motivates the child

A

C

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5
Q

Which frame of reference focuses on enhancing postural control and movement patterns?
a) Biomechanical
b) Cognitive Disability
c) Neurodevelopmental
d) Psychodynamic

A

C

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6
Q

What is a key factor in creating a climate of trust in the intervention environment?
a) Challenging the child consistently
b) Ensuring the child follows the exact steps
c) Allowing the child some control over choices
d) Reducing the amount of interaction with the child

A

C

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7
Q

Which of the following is a bottom-up approach in motor control intervention?
a) Dynamic Systems Theory
b) Task-specific training
c) Sensory Integration
d) Activity-focused intervention

A

C

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8
Q

How does a child learn best according to Dynamic Systems Theory?
a) By repeating isolated tasks
b) Through whole learning in varied environments
c) By focusing on one context at a time
d) With continuous supervision and minimal feedback

A

B

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9
Q

What is the role of motor learning principles in intervention?
a) To introduce complex tasks early
b) To enhance repetition and feedback for skill mastery
c) To reduce cognitive load by simplifying tasks
d) To engage the child in purely motor activities

A

B

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10
Q

Which reflex is involved when a baby opens its mouth in response to a light stroke on one side of the mouth?
a) Moro reflex
b) Palmar grasp reflex
c) Rooting reflex
d) ATNR

A

C

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11
Q

What does the term “facilitation strategies” refer to in intervention?
a) How to complete a task for the child
b) Methods to support and enhance the child’s participation
c) Strategies for minimizing errors
d) Techniques for managing team collaboration

A

B

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12
Q

In the context of task-based intervention, what is object affordance?
a) The difficulty level of an object
b) The cultural value of an object
c) The properties of an object that suggest how it can be used
d) The visual appeal of an object

A

C

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13
Q

What is one major goal of motor intervention?
a) Improvement of fine motor skills only
b) General enhancement of motor performance across contexts
c) Focused improvement in one task at a time
d) Elimination of all motor deficits

A

B

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14
Q

In dynamic systems theory, dysfunction occurs when:
a) Flexibility or adaptability of movements is limited
b) Movement becomes too variable
c) Cognitive functioning is unaffected
d) The task is completed too quickly

A

A

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15
Q

Which of the following is part of an activity-focused motor intervention?
a) Conducting isolated strength exercises
b) Practicing functional actions within daily routines
c) Avoiding family involvement
d) Repetitive task drills without context

A

B

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16
Q

Which of the following reflects the top-down approach in OT intervention?
a) Focusing on the impairment first
b) Practicing context-specific motor tasks
c) Strengthening isolated muscles
d) Evaluating the reflex patterns first

A

B

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16
Q

What is essential for motor control according to Dynamic Systems Theory?
a) Symmetrical movement
b) Regulation of sensory input
c) Interaction among the individual, task, and environment
d) Cognitive processing of movement

A

C

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16
Q

What is the purpose of reviewing intervention outcomes?
a) To document progress for insurance purposes
b) To evaluate the child’s overall health
c) To assess the efficacy of intervention strategies and modify as needed
d) To confirm the completion of tasks

A

C

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17
Q

Which environment factor is essential in the intervention?
a) Predictable routines
b) Flexibility in environmental context
c) Immediate family involvement
d) Standardized equipment

A

B

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18
Q

What principle helps guide the intervention based on Dynamic Systems Theory?
a) Biomechanical models
b) COP (Canadian Occupational Performance Model)
c) Use of external feedback
d) Rehabilitation models

A

B

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19
Q

What is the primary goal in using task-specific intervention in OT?
a) Refining single steps of a task
b) Completing the whole occupation-related task
c) Improving motor reflexes
d) Reducing sensory integration deficits

A

B

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20
Q

Which social-emotional factor can significantly influence motor performance?
a) Visual acuity
b) Positive thinking
c) Muscle tone
d) Righting reflex

A

B

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21
Q

Which response is developed between 6-7 months and involves protective arm extension?
a) Moro reflex
b) Parachute response
c) Rooting reflex
d) Palmer grasp reflex

A

B

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22
Q

Why is active problem-solving emphasized in motor learning for children?
a) It promotes external validation
b) It enhances repetition
c) It helps in understanding and applying motor actions
d) It reduces environmental complexity

A

C

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23
Q

What aspect of motor control intervention emphasizes postural stability?
a) Motor learning principles
b) Reflexive motor practice
c) Biomechanical Frame of Reference
d) Sensory processing integration

A

C

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24
Q

Which of the following describes the key components of “therapeutic use of self” in intervention?

a) Controlling the session and solving problems for the child
b) Building a trusting relationship and giving choices
c) Minimizing interaction with the child
d) Providing constant instruction without flexibility

A

B

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25
Q

What is the primary purpose of offering two appropriate choices during a session (e.g., “Do you want to draw or build a necklace?”)?

a) To reduce the child’s options
b) To maintain therapist control over the session
c) To engage the child and give them a sense of control
d) To introduce complex tasks

A

C

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26
Q

What is the main objective of using the “whole task” approach during intervention?

a) To break down tasks into small parts for repetition
b) To practice one movement at a time
c) To provide meaningful tasks that can be completed as a whole
d) To ensure the child masters small segments before moving to the next

A

C

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26
Q

Which factor is important when modifying tasks based on Dynamic Systems Theory?

a) Ensuring tasks are too simple for the child’s abilities
b) Considering the interaction between task, individual, and environment
c) Focusing solely on the motor impairment
d) Limiting task complexity to one component at a time

A

B

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27
Q

What does the term “degrees of freedom” refer to in motor control intervention?

a) The number of muscles a child uses during a task
b) The range of movement options allowed in joints and muscles during a task
c) The number of attempts the child has to perform a task
d) The complexity of cognitive tasks involved

A

B

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28
Q

What does “postural control” mean in the context of Dynamic Systems Theory?

a) Ability to maintain the body’s center of mass over its base of support
b) Voluntary recruitment of muscle fibers
c) Isolating muscle strength to control posture
d) Using external supports to assist with motor skills

A

A

28
Q

When using task-specific intervention, which of the following should be prioritized?

a) Completing part of the task, even if incomplete
b) Practicing context-specific motor tasks with relevance to the child’s daily life
c) Isolating one skill to practice for the entire session
d) Avoiding repetition of tasks

A

B

29
Q

Which of the following is a principle of activity-focused motor intervention?

a) Prioritizing motor exercises over daily activities
b) Practicing purposeful motor actions within daily routines
c) Ignoring the family’s input during goal development
d) Emphasizing gross motor skills over fine motor skills

A

B

30
Q

What is a common characteristic of motor deficits seen in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD)?

a) Hypertonicity
b) Uncoordinated movements and poor motor planning
c) Exceptional postural stability
d) Overdeveloped reflexive responses

A

B

31
Q

When discussing “object affordance” in therapy, what are we referring to?

a) The aesthetic qualities of an object
b) The cost of the object used during therapy
c) The properties of an object that suggest how it can be used
d) The object’s relevance to cultural context

A

C

32
Q

What does variability in motor learning mean in Dynamic Systems Theory?

a) Consistently practicing the same task until mastered
b) Practicing movements in a variety of situations and contexts
c) Focusing on repetitive tasks to enhance skill
d) Avoiding changes in environment to reduce errors

A

B

33
Q

Which of the following is essential for motor learning, according to Dynamic Systems Theory?

a) Isolating tasks to avoid distractions
b) Practicing movements without allowing mistakes
c) Allowing the child to actively problem-solve motor tasks
d) Repeating tasks until perfected without variation

A

C

34
Q

What role does cognition play in motor control interventions?

a) Cognition is unrelated to motor control
b) Attention and motivation significantly affect motor performance
c) Cognition only impacts sensory perception
d) Cognition affects the environment, not the task

A

B

35
Q

When analyzing reflexes, which category involves responses that help maintain body posture in changing environments?

a) Primitive reflexes
b) Equilibrium reactions
c) Righting reflexes
d) Startle responses

A

B

36
Q

What should a therapist consider when implementing a “top-down” approach to motor control?

a) Isolating the impairment for direct treatment
b) Focusing on compensatory strategies
c) Addressing task performance in context, with attention to individual and environment
d) Starting with the most difficult tasks first to gauge ability

A

C

37
Q

What is the significance of environmental cues in therapy?

a) To make the therapy more complex
b) To help the child understand what is expected during the task
c) To reduce the need for therapist interaction
d) To test the child’s ability to problem-solve independently

A

B

38
Q

When implementing motor control intervention, how should feedback be provided?

a) Only at the end of the session to avoid distraction
b) Throughout the task, with focus on encouraging correct actions
c) After every incorrect action to correct mistakes immediately
d) Sparingly, to encourage self-reliance

A

B

39
Q

In task-specific training, what is the goal of practicing context-specific motor tasks?

a) Mastering isolated movements
b) Completing meaningful tasks within daily contexts
c) Ensuring the child performs at a high level in a controlled environment
d) Reducing variability to increase focus

A

B

40
Q

Which reflex is critical in maintaining posture when transitioning between lying and standing?

a) Plantar grasp reflex
b) Moro reflex
c) Righting reflexes
d) ATNR (Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex)

A

C

41
Q

Which intervention principle helps a child learn more efficiently when a movement is taught as a whole?

a) Whole learning
b) Isolation of motor components
c) Reflex integration
d) Strength training

A

A

42
Q

What is the dynamic systems theory?

A

It is a specific form of the top down apporach which looks at the person as a whole (i.e. a persons life-role configuration in daily occupations)

43
Q

When planning interventions for a child, what should be considered?
a) performance capacity
b) environment (contexts; space demands)
c) Task ( goals; objects/ properties)
d) strategies ( therapeutic use of self; behvaioral; motor control, & learning principles)
e) All of the above

A

E

44
Q

Name the considerations we would need to implement in a treatment plan for a child:

A
  • Motivation/volition
  • Familiarity of activity
  • Give a sense of control
45
Q

The “ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement”

A

Motor control

46
Q

All of these are common conditions associated with motor control deficits except?

a) Cerebral palsy
b) Autism spectrum disorder
c) Down syndrome
d) Turner Syndrome

A

D
some other condirions to consider:
* developmental cooridnation disorder
* Sensory integration disorder
* acquired integration disorders

47
Q

When might we use the bottom-approach?

A

Foundational skills that support the tasks completion
example: Hand-writing

48
Q

When would dysfunction occur?

A

When flexibility or adaptability of movement is limited and can not accommodate task demands or environmental constraints.

49
Q

Children are able to learn when:

A
  • Movement is taught
  • movement is performed
  • engage in active problem solving skills
  • activity is meaningful
50
Q

The application to occupational therapy addresses:

A

Person, Task, Environment

51
Q

Idenitfy the difference between high tone, spasticity, joint tightness?
1. Happens during movement and depends on velocity
2. The joints & tendons lack flexibility at the actual joint
3. Disconnection between the brain & muscles causing muscles to be tight & resist stretch at rest. Overtime muscles will begin to give.

A
  1. Spasticity
  2. Joint tightness
  3. Hightone
52
Q

According to the Dynamic Systems Theory; Cognition deals with a persons?

A
  • Attention
  • motivation
  • self-efficacy
52
Q

What are three major reflex categories?

A
  • Primitive
  • Righting
  • Equilibrium
53
Q

When do Primitive reflexes appear? Give an example of a primitive reflex

A

Appear within the first year; survival
ex: Moro reflex: Fightor flight & Rooting reflex: turn towards food

54
Q

When do Eqillibrium reflexes appear (these do not integrate)?
1. Prone
2. Supine
3. Sitting
4. Quadruped
5. Standing

a) 7-10 mon.
b) 9-12 mon.
c) 5-6 mon.
d) 12-21 mon.
e) 7-8 mon.

A
  1. Prone- (5-6 mon.)
  2. Supine- (7-8 mon.)
  3. Sitting- (7-10 mon.)
  4. Quadruped- (9-12 mon.)
  5. Standing- (12-21 mon.)
55
Q

When do Righting reflexes appear?

Match to the reflex to the appropriate month:
1. Neck on body
2. Body on neck
3. Body on head: Prone & Supine
4. Landau

a) (1-5 mon.) & (2-6 mon.)
b) (2-6 mon.)
c) (0-5 mon.)
d) (0-5 mon.)

A
  1. Neck on body (0-5 mon.)
  2. Body on neck (0-5 mon.)
  3. Body on head: Prone (1-5 mon.) & Supine (2-6 mon.)
  4. Landau: (2-6 mon.)
56
Q

Name the Protective Reactions and the appropriate ages These do not integrate

A
  1. Foward (6-7 months)
  2. Lateral (6-11 months)
  3. Backward (9-12)
57
Q

Understand motor/neurological issues to address in intervention:

Know the definitions to some and provide an example:
1. Dysdiadochokinesia
2. Intention tremor
3. Dysmetria
4. Limited strength or endurance
5. Poor gross or fine motor coordination
6. Poor balance
7. Associated reactions (Synkinesis)

a) Being focused on a task/doing something different with parts of the body. ex: when a child is hyperfocused on tracing a picture they may “Stick their tongue out”.
b)Being able to move or guage your body through space; “Targeting things in space”.
c) A tremor that happens when you go to do something
d) Inability to do 2 different movements at once or in an alternating way ex: tapping your head and rubbing your belly

A
  1. D
  2. C
  3. B
  4. A (answer to number 7)
58
Q

Know the definitions to some: Sensory
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Vestibular
4. Kinesthesia
5. Proprioception
6. Tactile
7. Interoception

a) What your body is doing as it is moving through space
b) Refers to internal feelings like hunger,thirst, body temperature, and other internal processes
c) Knowing where your body is in space
d) The bodys balance center; our bodys position in space

A
  • Vestibular- The bodys balance center; our position in space
  • Kinesthesia- What your body is doing as it is moving through space.
  • Proprioception- Knowing where your body is in space
  • Interoception- Internal feelings like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and other internal processes
59
Q

“Involves cognition and sensory awareness (how we make sense of sensory stim”

A

Perception

60
Q

When the brain interprets what we see it is called?

A

Visual perception ex: understanding how letters are formed

61
Q

Name the three body conceps with the perception of self:

A
  1. Body Schema
  2. Body Image
  3. Body Awareness
62
Q

True/False: Emotions can impact motor performance?

A

True

62
Q

True/False: Sympathetic nervous system can impede problem solving and learning of new skills.

A

True

63
Q

Describe a simple vs. complex task

A

Simple task could be a child doing a jump because it includes a beginning and end whereas a complex task such as a child running is continous and has no end.

64
Q

Explain object affordance and provide an example:

A

A property of an object or an environment that allows one to perform an action

example: a weighted ball that is hard to roll

65
Q

When are the best outcomes of motor responses & provide an example?

A

When there is a clear relationship between the goal and the objects used.

example: Changing grasp pattern to see if there is a better outcome

66
Q

What does altering the degrees of freedom mean?

A

With less degrees of freedom required, can be more complex by taking away some stability to help them stabilize other joints.

With more degrees of freedom they dont use as many joints so it is more precise.

67
Q

What are some examples of degrees of freedom?

A
  • adjusting the seating position for comfortable sitting
  • Laying in prone all joints are against the surface
68
Q

What is Task-specific intervention and provide an example:

A

When clients practice context-specific motor tasks and recieve feedback.

example: a child learning how to trace their name on paper

69
Q

What are the principles of task-specific intervention?
1. Relevant to the ____ and ____
2. Practice sequences are ordered randomly
3. ____
4. GOAL: complete the whole task (the occupation)
5. ____

A
  • Relevant to the client and context
  • Repetition
  • Posistive reinforcement
70
Q

Activity-Focused motor intervention

A

Making the skill apart of the clients routine & environment.

example: Every saturday emily and her family have icecream night because it is her favorite desert. Emily has high tone in her right hand, in order to eat her desert she has to eat it with the affected hand.

71
Q

Match:
What are some ways that a child can learn effiecient movements:

  • The activity is meaningful to the child
  • The movement is performed in variable situations
  • The movement is taught as whole
  • The child is allowed to actively problem solve the actions required.
  1. Problem solving
  2. Whole Learning
  3. Meaning
  4. Variability
A
  1. Whole Learning: The movement is taught as a whole.
  2. Variability: The movement is performed in variable situations.
  3. Problem solving: The child is allowed to actively problem solve the actions required.
  4. Meaning: The activity is meaningful to the child.

OT 720- Pediatrics (33 decks)

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