Drugs for the Endocrine System Flashcards
- The main regulators of metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, homeostasis, energy production, and immunity are:
minerals.
vitamins.
hormones.
nutrients.
hormones.
The main regulators of metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, homeostasis, energy production, and immunity are hormones
- Which of the following is the gland at the base of the brain, known as the master gland?
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary
Thymus
Pituitary
The gland at the base of the brain is known as the pituitary or master gland.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe a condition that results from the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult?
Acromegaly
Gigantism
Hypergenesis
Osteopathy
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a condition that results from the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult.
- Which of the following glands is (are) NOT controlled by the pituitary?
Sex glands
Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Parathyroid glands
The pituitary hormones control the secretions of the sex glands, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal glands.
- Which of the following glands is wrapped around the trachea, just below the larynx?
Adrenal
Thymus
Pineal
Thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is wrapped around the trachea, just below the larynx.
- Which of the following is the major function of the thyroid gland?
Control metabolism
Regulate blood calcium levels
Secrete epinephrine in response to an emergency Store excess sugar in the liver
Control metabolism
The major function of the thyroid gland is to control metabolism.
- Which of the following symptoms is NOT caused by hyperthyroidism?
Feeling of warmth
Tachycardia
Fatigue
Increase in respiration
Fatigue
When the thyroid produces extra thyroxine and triiodothyronine (hyperthyroidism), the metabolic rate is increased and there is an increase in temperature, respiration, heart rate, nervous and muscular activity, and a feeling of warmth.
- An intolerance to cold, personality changes, fatigue, dry skin, brittle nails, slow speech, and weight gain may be symptoms of:
diabetes mellitus.
hypothyroidism.
Cushing’s syndrome.
Addison’s disease.
hypothyroidism.
Signs of hypothyroidism include intolerance to cold, personality changes, fatigue, dry skin, brittle nails, slow speech, and weight gain.
- Which of the following is necessary for adequate production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
Calcium
Iodine
Sodium
Iron
Iodine
Iodine is necessary for adequate production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid.
- The availability of iodized _________________ helps people consume enough iodine to fulfill the needs of the thyroid.
table salt
bananas
supplements
poultry
table salt
The availability of iodized table salt helps people take in enough iodine to fulfill the needs of the thyroid.
- Which of the following is the main function of the parathyroid hormone?
Control metabolism
Regulate blood calcium levels
Secrete epinephrine in response to an emergency Store excess sugar in the liver
Regulate blood calcium levels
The main function of the parathyroid hormone is to regulate blood calcium levels.
- Which of the following may occur if too much parathyroid hormone is manufactured?
Osteoporosis
Bones that are soft and easy to bend
Muscle spasms
Cretinism
Bones that are soft and easy to bend
When too much parathyroid hormone is manufactured, bones become soft and easy to bend.
- What is the condition that occurs when too little parathyroid hormone is produced?
Cretinism
Tetany
Myxedema
Restless leg syndrome
Tetany
Tetany is the condition that occurs when too little parathyroid hormone is produced and refers to muscle spasms that are caused by lack of calcium in the bloodstream.
- Which of the following describes the location of the adrenal glands?
Wrapped around the trachea
In the mediastinum
On top of the kidneys
In the epigastric region
On top of the kidneys
The adrenal glands sit on top of the two kidneys.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that have anti-inflammatory action and suppress the immune reaction?
Glucocorticoids Corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids Epinephrine .
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that have an anti-inflammatory action and suppress the immune reaction
- Which of the following terms is used to describe hormones that regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and have an anti-inflammatory effect?
Glucocorticoids
Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids are adrenal hormones that regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and have an antiinflammatory effect.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe hormones that maintain normal blood volume and promote sodium and water retention and urinary excretion of potassium?
Glucocorticoids
Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Epinephrine
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids are hormones that maintain normal blood volume and promote sodium and water retention and urinary
- Which of the following hormones help(s) the body handle stressful situations?
Glucocorticoids
Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine help the body handle stressful situations.
- Epinephrine created in the body is known as:
somatotropin.
adrenaline.
glycogen.
dopamine.
adrenaline.
Epinephrine created in the body is known as adrenaline.
- Which of the following hormones controls the cell’s use of sugar?
Glycogen
Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline
Insulin
Insulin is the hormone that controls the cell’s use of sugar.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe a common pancreatic disorder, characterized by an inability to use carbohydrates secondary to ineffective or no insulin production?
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Gestational diabetes
Cushing’s syndrome
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a common pancreatic disorder and is characterized by no insulin production or ineffective insulin production, resulting in an ability to use carbohydrates.
- Which of the following is administered in emergencies when diabetic patients have received too much insulin?
Glucagon
Insulin
Glycogen
Adrenaline
Glucagon
Glucagon counteracts the effects of insulin.
- Which structure controls basic body functions such as sleep, appetite, and body temperature?
Thyroid
Thymus
Hypothalamus
Pineal
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls basic body functions such as sleep, appetite, and body temperature.
- Which of the following does NOT describe how endocrine disorders arise?
Gland overproduces its hormones.
Gland underproduces its hormones.
Gland produces hormones too early.
Target cells are overresponsive to the effects of hormones.
Target cells are overresponsive to the effects of hormones.
Endocrine disorders arise because a gland overproduces, underproduces, or produces its hormones too early or too late.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe a gland that is overdeveloped?
Cytomegaly
Hypercytosis
Hyperplasia
Adenoma
Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia refers to a gland that is overdeveloped.
- Which of the following is usually used to treat genetically caused hormonal problems?
Radioactive “cocktail”
Surgery
Replacement hormones
Radiation
Replacement hormones
Genetically caused problems can usually be treated with replacement hormones.
- Which of the following is the most common use of hormones in drug therapy?
Palliative
Replacement therapy
Health maintenance
Curative
Replacement therapy
Hormone replacement therapy is the most common use of hormones in drug therapy.
- Which of the following is the source of most hormones used in drug therapy?
Animals
Humans
Synthetic
Microorganisms
Animals
Most hormones used for drug therapy are taken from animals. Examples of the animals used are hogs, cattle, sheep, and horses.
- Which of the following is NOT a symptom of diabetes?
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polycythemia
Polycythemia
The three classic symptoms of diabetes are hunger or polyphagia, thirst or polydipsia, and frequent urination or polyuria.
- Which of the following terms describes the onset of glucose tolerance during pregnancy?
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Gestational diabetes
Gravid diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is the onset of glucose intolerance during pregnancy.
- Patients with diabetes are encouraged to eat small meals throughout the day rather than a few large meals. The purpose is to avoid large fluctuations in the amount of __________ in the blood.
proteins
sugar
vitamins
insulin
sugar
Patients with diabetes are encouraged to eat small meals throughout the day rather than a few larger meals. The purpose is to avoid large fluctuations in the amount of sugar in the blood.
- Which of the following statements describes why insulin must be injected?
Insulin is destroyed by gastric secretions.
Oral delivery results in a longer time for the peak effect to occur than does injection.
Continuous delivery by the transdermal route dose not conform to fluctuations in blood sugar levels.
Buccal administration is too fast to coincide with peak action.
Insulin is destroyed by gastric secretions.
Insulin must be injected because it is destroyed by the gastric secretions if taken orally.
- Which of the following does NOT affect a diabetic person’s need for insulin?
Emotions
Diet
Exercise
Weight
Weight
A diabetic person’s need for insulin varies according to diet, amount of exercise, and emotions.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe too little insulin in the bloodstream?
Hypoglycogenolysis
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycogenolysis
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia describes too little insulin in the bloodstream. This condition is called diabetes mellitus and is serious and can be fatal if not caught early and corrected.
- Which of the following terms describes large amounts of sugar in the urine?
Glycosuria
Glycemia
Glycogenosis
Glycogenesis
Glycosuria
Glycosuria describes a large amount of sugar or glucose in the urine.
- Which of the following would be administered to a person in a diabetic coma?
Insulin
Glucagon
Sugar
Bicarbonate of soda
Insulin
Insulin may be administered to a person in a diabetic coma. Diabetic coma refers to unconsciousness caused by too little insulin.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe too much insulin in the blood?
Hyperinosemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglobulinemia
Hypoglycemia
Too little insulin in the blood is called hypoglycemia.
- Which of the following would be administered to a patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
Insulin
Glycogen
Sugar
Bicarbonate of soda
Sugar
Administering sugar is the treatment of choice for hypoglycemia.
- Increased appetite, nervousness, heart palpitations, cold sweating, shakiness, and blurred vision are symptoms of:
hypometabolism.
hypoglycemia.
hyperglycemia.
hyperglycinemia.
hypoglycemia.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia include increased appetite, nervousness, heart palpitations, cold sweating, shakiness, and blurred vision.
- Which of the following terms describes oral medications used to reduce diabetic symptoms?
Oral
insulin
Oral hypoglycemics
Oral Lente Oral NPH
Oral hypoglycemics
Oral hypoglycemics purposely lower blood sugar levels to reduce diabetic symptoms.
- Diabetics should avoid:
drinking sugar-free soda.
drinking alcohol.
eating many small meals.
exercising regularly.
drinking alcohol.
Diabetic patients should avoid drinking alcoholic beverages.
- A patient who is over the age of 40, has had diabetes for less than five years, is normal weight or obese, and has a consistent diet would respond best to:
Lente insulin.
an insulin pump.
oral hypoglycemics.
biosynthetic insulin.
oral hypoglycemics.
Patients who are over the age of 40, have had diabetes for less than five years, are normal weight or obese, and have a consistent diet would respond best to oral hypoglycemics.
- Teaching diabetic patients good habits of skin, foot, and dental care can prevent ________________.
blood vessel diseases
vision problems
infections
sudden cardiac death
infections
To prevent infections, teach diabetic patients good habits of skin, foot, and dental care.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe the potentially fatal insufficient production of corticosteroids?
Cushing’s syndrome
Addison’s disease
Diabetes insipidus
Graves’ disease
Addison’s disease
Potentially fatal insufficient production of corticosteroids is Addison’s disease.
- Antidiuretic pituitary hormone (ADH) is given to control which of the following conditions?
Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is controlled by antidiuretic pituitary hormone.
- Which of the following types of insulin should NOT be cloudy?
Lente
ltralente
NPH
Humulin
Humulin
Humulin should be clear. Lente, Ultralente, and NPH insulins are all cloudy.
- Which of the following is NOT a reason that a gland may secrete too much, too little, or too early?
Hyperplasia
Tumor
Genetic factors
Faulty messages from the pituitary
Faulty messages from the pituitary
There are many reasons a gland may secrete too much, too little, or too early. One is that the gland may be overdeveloped, a condition called hyperplasia. Or it may contain a tumor. Usually tumors and hyperplasia cause too much hormone production because they are far from secreting cells than normal. Genetic factors are another reason for gland malfunctions. Some individuals are born with defective glands or are missing necessary chemicals for producing certain hormones. Finally, there may be nothing wrong with a gland itself. The problem may be that the gland is receiving faulty messages from the pituitary.
- Calcium stones in the kidneys may result from too much of which of the following hormones?
Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium stones in the kidneys may result from too much parathyroid hormone.
- Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of which of the following hormones?
Insulin
Antidiuretic hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Too little antidiuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus.
- Addison’s disease is caused by hyposecretion of hormones from which of the following glands?
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary
Adrenal
Addison’s disease is caused by too little of all adrenal cortex hormones.
- Large doses of which of the following are given to combat allergic reactions and inflammation?
Corticosteroids
Androgens
Epinephrine
Thyroid hormones
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are given in large doses to combat allergic reactions and inflammation.
- Weight gain, edema, hypertension, and failure of wounds to heal are problems associated with the long-term dose of which of the following?
Corticosteroids
Epinephrine
Insulin
Somatropin
Corticosteroids
Side effects of long-term corticosteroids include weight gain, sodium retention and edema, hypertension, facial rounding or moon face, diabetes, easy bruising, thinning of the skin, and failure of wounds to heal.
- The hormone chemical message system is regulated by the pituitary, which is stimulated or inhibited by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus relies on input from the ________________ system about the conditions inside and outside the body.
nervous
Explanation: The hypothalamus and pituitary form a partnership in running the hormone chemical message system. The hypothalamus can stimulate or inhibit the pituitary according to conditions inside and outside the body. Because of this link, the endocrine system is influenced by the nervous system.
- Corticosteroids suppress _________________, which is the body’s normal reaction to irritation or injury.
inflammation
Explanation: Corticosteroids suppress inflammation, which is the body’s normal reaction to irritation or injury.
- One problem with corticosteroid therapy is that it masks ______________ and may cause it to spread.
infection
Explanation: One problem with corticosteroid therapy is that it masks infection and my cause it to spread.
- Weight gain, edema, hypertension, facial rounding, and psychological changes are all ________________ associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy.
side effects
Explanation: Side effects of long-term corticosteroids include weight gain, facial rounding, and psychological changes.
- When prescribing corticosteroids, doctors try to prescribe the _______ dose possible for the _____________ time needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
smallest, shortest
Explanation: When prescribing corticosteroids, doctors try to prescribe smallest dose possible for the shortest time needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
- Lente, Ultralente, and NPH insulin should be _____________, whereas regular insulin should be ___________.
cloudy; clear
Explanation: Lente, Ultralente, and NPH should be cloudy, whereas regular insulin should be clear.
- Be aware of the peak action time for the type of insulin you are giving. This will enable you to be alert for signs of ___________________, and have juice or sugar available, if necessary.
hypoglycemia
Explanation: Be aware of the peak action time for the type of insulin you are giving. This will enable you to be alert for signs of hypoglycemia, and have juice or sugar available, if necessary.
- The endocrine system is made up of glands, structures that produce and secrete chemical substances called _________________ directly into the bloodstream.
hormones
Explanation: The endocrine system is made up of glands, structures that produce and secrete chemical substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- The gland located at the base of the brain, referred to as the “master gland,” is the ________________.
pituitary
Explanation: The gland located at the base of the brain, referred to as the “master gland,” is the pituitary.
- The _________________ gland is wrapped around the trachea just below the larynx, or voice box.
thyroid
Explanation: Thy thyroid gland is wrapped around the trachea just below the larynx, or voice box.
- The thyroid hormones control __________________, which is the rate at which all cells produce energy.
metabolism
Explanation: The thyroid hormones control metabolism, which is the rate at which all cells produce energy.
- Signs of _____________________ include intolerance to cold, personality changes, fatigue, dry skin, brittle nails, slow speech, and weight gain.
hypothyroidism
Explanation: Signs of hypothyroidism include intolerance to cold, personality changes, fatigue, dry skin, brittle nails, slow speech, and weight gain.
- To produce adequate levels of thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland needs ___________, a mineral that is present in vegetables and seafood.
iodine
Explanation: To produce adequate levels of thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland needs iodine, a mineral that is present in vegetables and seafood.
- The availability of iodized _____________ helps people take in enough iodine to fulfill the needs of the thyroid.
table salt
Explanation: The availability of iodized table salt helps people take in enough iodine to fulfill the needs of the thyroid.
- The main function of parathyroid hormone is to maintain a normal blood __________ level.
calcium
Explanation: The main function of parathyroid hormone is to maintain a normal blood calcium level.
- When the level of calcium in the blood is low, the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone to release stored calcium from the ____________.
bones
Explanation: When the level of calcium in the blood is low, the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormones to release stored calcium from the bones.
- The two adrenal glands sit on top of (superior to) the two _____________.
kidneys
Explanation: There are two adrenal glands sitting on top of the two kidneys.
- The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones prepare the body to react to _______________ by stimulating the heartbeat, increasing blood pressure, and releasing extra sugar into the bloodstream.
emergencies
Explanation: The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones prepare the body to react to emergencies by stimulating the heartbeat, increasing blood pressure, and releasing extra sugar into the bloodstream.
- Epinephrine made in the body is also known as ______________.
adrenaline
Explanation: Epinephrine made in the body is also known as adrenaline.
- Norepinephrine is used in the emergency treatment of ___________ because of its ability to constrict blood vessels.
shock
Explanation: Norepinephrine is used in the emergency treatment of shock because of its ability to constrict blood vessels.
- Insulin controls the cells’ use of ______________.
sugar
Explanation: Insulin controls the cells’ use of sugar.
- When the pancreas fails to produce insulin, the cells cannot burn sugar; instead, it remains in the bloodstream and is excreted in the urine. This condition is known as _________________.
diabetes mellitus
Explanation: When the pancreas fails to produce insulin, the cells cannot burn sugar; instead, it remains in the bloodstream and is excreted in the urine. This condition is known as diabetes mellitus.
- The hormone _________________, which stimulates the liver to release stored sugar into the bloodstream, is administered in emergencies when diabetic patients have received too much insulin.
glucagon
Explanation: The hormone glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored sugar into the bloodstream, is administered in emergencies when diabetic patients have received too much insulin.
- The hypothalamus can _______________ or _______________ the pituitary according to conditions inside and outside the body.
stimulate; inhibit
Explanation: The hypothalamus can stimulate or inhibit the pituitary according to conditions inside or outside the body.
- The term __________________ refers to an overdeveloped of the gland.
hyperplasia
Explanation: Hyperplasia refers an overdeveloped of the gland.
- Genetically caused problems with the endocrine system can usually be treated with _____________ hormones.
replacement
Explanation: Genetically caused problems with the endocrine system can usually be treated with replacement hormones.
- Most hormones used for drug therapy are taken from ________________.
animals
Explanation: Most hormones used for drug therapy are taken from animals.
- The term used to describe excessive hunger is _________________.
polyphagia
Explanation: The term used to describe excessive hunger is polyphagia
- The term used to describe excessive thirst is __________________.
polydipsia
Explanation: The medical term for excessive thirst is polydipsia.
- The term used to describe excessive urination is ______________.
polyuria
Explanation: The term for excessive urination is polyuria.
- Type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) usually occurs in _____________.
childhood
Explanation: Type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) usually occurs in childhood.
- Diabetes always carries the danger of __________________, such as diseases of the blood vessels and nervous system.
complications
Explanation: Diabetes always carries the danger of complications, such as diseases of the blood vessels and nervous system.
- When changing diet, exercising, and maintaining normal body weight are not enough to control diabetes, __________ therapy is indicated.
drug
Explanation: When changing diet, exercising, and maintaining normal body weight are not enough to control diabetes, drug therapy is indicated.
100.Insulin must be administered by injection because it is destroyed by _____________ secretions.
gastric
Explanation: Insulin must be administered by injection because it is destroyed by gastric secretions.
101.Insulin therapy replaces the missing hormone that enables the body to use ______________.
sugar
Explanation: Insulin therapy replaces the missing hormone that enables the body to use sugar.
103.The term for glucose in the urine is ________________.
glycosuria
Explanation: The medical term for glucose in the urine is glycosuria.
104.The term used for the condition that results from too much insulin in the bloodstream is _______________.
hypoglycemia
Explanation: The medical term for low blood sugar, which can be the result of administering too much insulin in the bloodstream, is hypoglycemia.
105.Patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus are treated with oral ________________.
hypoglycemic
Explanation: Patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus are treated with oral hypoglycemics.
106.The adrenal cortex secretes _______________________ and the adrenal medulla secretes _____________________ and ______________________.
steroids; epinephrine; norepinephrine
Explanation: The adrenals are paired glands covering the superior of the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two layers: the adrenal cortex, which secretes steroids, and the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
108.The hormone secreted by the parathyroids, parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulates the __________________ content of the bloodstream.
calcium
Explanation: The parathyroids are four small glands located behind the thyroid gland. The hormone they produce is called parathyroid hormone (PTH). The main function is to maintain normal blood calcium.
109.Metabolism is controlled by the hormones secreted by the ________________ gland.
thyroid
Explanation: Metabolism is controlled by the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and (T3) triiodothyronine. Metabolism is the rate at which all cells produce energy.
110.The term hypo means too ____________ and the term hyper means too _____________.
little; much
Explanation: Hypo means too little and hyper means too much.
111.Synthetic oral thyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid) is used to treat ____________________.
hypothyroidism
Explanation: Synthetic oral thyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid) is used to treat hypothyroidism.
