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Key Perspectives & Debates in Criminology > Drugs, Addiction and Crime > Flashcards

Drugs, Addiction and Crime Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key readings?

A
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2
Q

Who looked at the traditional typologies?

A

Dorn et al

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3
Q

What are bulk wholesellers? (Dorn et al)

A

Drug market
Criminal diversifers and sideliners
Opium wars
Air America

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4
Q

What are the opium wars?

A
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5
Q

What are mid/low level wholesalers (Dorn et al)?

A

Non-users, sell to other sellers and users
Often independent

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6
Q

What are street dealers? (Dorn et al)

A

Less well organised. Drift in and out of supply (habit?)
Runners, user-dealers, working on behalf of dealer?

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7
Q

How does Stevens (2011) challenge traditional views of the drugs-crime link?

A

Stevens argues the relationship between drugs and crime is complex and bidirectional, influenced by socio-economic factors.

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8
Q

Who looked at domestic drug distribution?

A

Black (2020)

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9
Q

What did Black find?

A

Pyramid= retailers, local wholesaler, national wholesaler and importer

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10
Q

What is a retailer?

A

Sells drugs to street level to users

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the retailers?

A

Mix of junior members of OCGs and USGs as well as user dealers
Commodities often dealt together
High vol of transactions

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12
Q

What are local wholesalers?

A

Buys and sells drugs in bulk within one city/region

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the local wholesalers?

A

Often several links in the supply chain in this stage
Significant intelligence gaps on this stage of the market

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14
Q

What are national wholesalers?

A

Buys drugs from one city/reguons and sells to another city/region

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the national wholesalers?

A

Large no of OCGs and also urban street gangs
Deal in range of different commodities

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16
Q

What are importers?

A

Arranges supply of drugs into the UK and sells to national wholesalers

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the importers?

A

Small no of OCGs who tend to have international links
Often deals in a single commodity
More likely to use professionals

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18
Q

Why are drug markets described as diverse and shifting?

A

Drug markets are not homogenous but consist of various actors and structures that adapt to social, technological, and legal changes.

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19
Q

Who looked at the role of gender in drug markets?

A

Denton & O’Malley 1999

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20
Q

What is the role of gender in drug markets, according to Denton & O’Malley (1999)?

A

Gender shapes trust and business practices in drug markets, with unique roles and experiences for women in the illicit economy.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of app-mediated drug supply?

A

Immediacy and convenience

22
Q

What is the role of social media apps in drug distribution?

A

Apps like Snapchat, Instagram, Wickr, Kik, and WhatsApp are used for:
Ephemeral messaging
Visual advertising of substances
Convenience and immediacy in transactions

23
Q

Give examples of the immediacy and convenience

A

Brokering drug deals without street dealers or complex cryptomarkets
Variety of substances available
Perceived security via ephemeral messaging (e.g., Snapchat, Wickr)- burn on read
Visual evidence of drug quality- pictures to provide legitimacy

24
Q

Who created the heterogenous drug market?

A

Coomer 2006

25
Q

What is the heterogenous drug market?

A

Different individuals, with different backgrounds operating at different levels of the drug market will produce different levels of corresponding behaviours – can make violence more likely

26
Q

What is the reality of drug markets?

A

Players can include (for example middle class dealers, women dealers, social suppliers, ethnic markets (Coomber 2015)
Plus separate markets: Youth cannabis markets barely touch the drug market

27
Q

Who created the tripartite framework?

A

Goldstein

28
Q

What are the tripartite framework?

A

Psychopharmacological
Economic-compulsive
Systemic:

29
Q

What is systemic violence?

A

Violence within drug markets, influenced by the market’s structure and participants

30
Q

What is economic-compulsive violence?

A

Driven by the need to fund drug habits, but nuanced factors such as poverty and social disadvantage also play a role

31
Q

What is psychopharmacological violence?

A

Some individuals, as a result of short or long term ingestion of specific substances, may become excitable, irrational, and may exhibit violent behavior.

32
Q

Who looked at heroin as an example for psychopharmacological violence?

A

Lindesmith 1941

33
Q

What did Lindesmith find?

A

Rather than increasing aggression its pharmacological properties, as with marijuana, it in fact ‘suppresses hostility and aggression/

34
Q

Who looked at cocaine and psychopharmacological violence?

A

Romero-Martinez & Moya-Albiol

35
Q

What did Romero-Martinez & Moya-Albiol find?

A

Cocaine facilitates the expression of violence

36
Q

Who objected to economic-compulsive violence?

A

Bennett & Holloway 2007
Moyle & Coomber 2015

37
Q

What did Bennett and Holloway say?

A

Ignores the influence of poverty and social disadvantage

38
Q

What did Moyle & Coomber say?

A

Make nuanced decisions about ways to fund ‘habit’ - ‘most heroin users avoid violent acquisitive crime if viable non-violent alternatives exist’.

39
Q

How is addiction defined by the World Health Organisation (2007)

A

A multifactorial health disorder characterised by compulsion, loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, strong desire to use, and dependence despite adverse consequences.

40
Q

What is the neurological approaches to addiction?

A

How changes in brain chemistry can contribute to addictive behaviours.

41
Q

What is the social approaches to addiction?

A
42
Q

What is the disease model?

A

Addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterised by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite harmful consequences.

43
Q

What are the implications of addiction models for treatment and criminal justice responses?

A

Each model (disease, social, neurobiological) influences approaches to treatment, policy, and legal frameworks, with some prioritising rehabilitation over punishment.

44
Q

What is the Rat Park experiment?

A

Demonstrated that social integration reduces addiction, suggesting addiction is linked to social isolation and dislocation.

45
Q

Who looked at addiction as poverty of spirit?

A

Alexander 2009

46
Q

What did Alexander say?

A

Scientific medicine has failed: cure/prevention/pain. No consensus on what it is – continues to increase!
Individual phenomenon but patterns in societal prevalence
Does not deny individual differences but argues that social determinants MORE important
Reshape society through social integration and meaning – there then would not be a need to fill void.

47
Q

Who looked at heroin in addiction?

A

Lalander 2001

48
Q

How does Lalander (2001) view heroin use in terms of addiction’s function?

A

Heroin use provides a meaningful life structure with daily routines and goals, offering users a sense of purpose and community

49
Q

How does Gabor Mate (2008) define addiction?

A

Addiction is any behaviour that provides pleasure or relief, causes negative consequences, and cannot be given up, often rooted in emotional pain or trauma.

50
Q

What is the “moral economy” of heroin use, according to Wakeman (2016)?

A

Heroin use fosters like-mindedness, peer support, and a sense of community among users, forming a unique subculture

51
Q

What is the impact of sensationalist media coverage on public perceptions of drug markets?

A

Sensationalist headlines exaggerate violence and foster an “us vs them” narrative, distorting the complexity of drug markets and addiction.

Key Perspectives & Debates in Criminology (13 decks)

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