Administrative Criminology Flashcards
What are the key readings?
Raymen (2016)
Parkin & Coomber (2010)
What are the key points from Raymen?
SCP measures have allowed detaching from others and increasing social inequality
Consumer capitalism and SCP: creating non places
The proletariat also retreating from ‘public life’ p.499
SCP and CPtED ‘design spaces so that they are deliberately absent of anything resembling actually existing public sociability’
urban spaces are designed and governed to remove any sense of spatial ambiguity’
Moral minimalism occurs through ‘an indifference among one another’ + ‘ a lack of collective social integration’
Who defined moral minimalism?
Baumgartner (1988)
What is moral minimalism?
Moral minimalism is when ‘the individual is oriented around the avoidance of interaction or confrontation with others, adopting an averse position to policing’
Who defined defensible spaces?
Newman (1972)
What did Newman (1972) say?
Defensible spaces= deterrence of criminal
defensive space= ‘open, well-lit, highly visible’ p.501
Such as seats designed to deter homeless people, loiterers and the youth
Who defined non places?
Auge 1995
What are non places?
Places that do not have enough ‘significance’ to be considered ‘places’
What are the key points from Parkin & Coomber?
Fluorescent blue lights as situational crime prevention
The lights deter injecting in public spaces
However, from a harm reduction perspective, such lighting may establish particular risk environments
What is administrative criminology according to Walters, 2003?
Criminology that focuses on risk management, cost-effectiveness and reducing crime statistics
What is administrative criminology according to Matthews, 2009?
‘Policy driven evidence rather than evidence driven policy’
Focus on finding evidence that will support current evidence
What is administrative criminology according to Tierney, 2009?
Approaching crime in a way that makes causal factor irrelevant
What is rational choice theory?
Assumes that there are potential offenders who weigh the costs and benefits of committing crime
What does RCT focus on?
The different circumstances where an individual will commit a crime
What can be done to change motivation
How can crime decrease according to RCT?
By decreasing the opportunities available
What is the aim of RCT?
To make the choice to commit crime irrational
What are the factors of situational crime prevention?
Increasing the perceived effort involved in carrying out crime
Increasing the perceived risks of getting caught
Reducing anticipated rewards
Reducing provocation
Reducing excuses
What is increasing perceived effort involved in carrying out crime?
Having access control, deflecting offenders + controlling means
What is increasing the perceived risks of getting caught?
Formal surveillance, natural surveillance + reducing anonymity
What is reducing anticipated rewards?
Target removal, target concealment + denying benefits
What is reducing provocation?
Minimising the possibility of disputes, discouraging imitation + neutralising peer pressure
What is reducing excuses?
Rule setting, posting instructions + stimulating conscience
What are the social contexts for situational crime prevention?
Decline of the social + privatisation of public space
What is decline of the social?
Citizens are private and individualised
Strangers are seen as threats and sources of intrusion
Beck (1992)= political-economic changes led to increased risks and fear
What is privatisation of public space?
Eradication of publicly owned, accessible spaces
City centres are designed to design out the social (Raymen, 2016)
Spaces are increasingly non-places (Auge, 1995)
What is a case study for situational crime prevention?
Prostitution in London
What was done with prostitution in London?
Finsbury Park Action Group= prostitution removed from the area in less than 2 years
Who spoke about prostitution?
Lowman, 1992
What did Lowman say?
Prostitution was displaced to other areas
What is a critique of crime prevention?
Fails to take into account the excitement that motivates crime
Increasing risks attached therefore will be counterproductive
What are the 3 critiques of RCT?
Technical, qualitative + theoretical
What are the technique critiques of RCT?
Prevention increases the attraction of risk taking
SCP displaces crime rather than prevent (Hakim & Rengert, 1981)
What are the qualitative critiques of RCT?
Financial expenditure
Inconvenience to the public
Intrusive
What are the theoretical critiques of RCT?
Research restricted by political ideology
Driven by demands of public organisations
What is routine activity theory?
The concentration of crime events and their sources in routine activity
The situations in which crime occurs
Crime as a series of events
What major changes did RAT grow?
Rapid increase in property offenced during 1960-1975
Routine activities changed quickly after WW2 such as women working
Technology growing at a rapid rate and becoming more available
What is crime based on in RAT?
If individuals commit crime is based on opportunities and a rational assessmrnt of risks and rewards
What is the aim of RAT?
Devising pragmatic strategies to increase the risks and reduce rewards
What are the critiques of RAT?
Ignores broader social, economic and cultural factors in shaping criminal motivations
Lack of attention to white collar and corporate crime
What is the distinction of RCT and RAT?
RCT analyses crime events on a societal level
RAT is interested in crime events as specific and situational
What is the likely offender?
Someone who has propensity and the ability to commit crime
What is the approach of the likely offender?
That there is a ready supply of people who are likely offenders
Attempting to reduce crime by making people better is rejected and differences in levels of motivation is unimportant
What is the capable guardian?
Someone who prevents the convergence in time and space of a likely offender and suitable target
What is the capable guardian in terms of crime prevention?
Increasing the capabilites of guardianship
What does the suitable target refer to?
Value
Inertia
Visability
Access
What is value in the suitable target?
Objects that can be converted to cash
Vulnerable people are more valuable targets
What is inertia in the suitable target?
Size and weight of object
How it can be removed
What is visability of a suitable target?
If an item is not visible it is less likely to be stolen
What is access in suitable target?
How easy it is to get to the item or person
Who spoke about fluorescent blue lights as a preventive measure?
Parkin & Coomber, 2010
What did Parkin & Coomber , 2010 say about the blue light?
It decreases the visibility of veins
What are the criticisms from the blue lights?
A need to inject may increase from the measure
What did Rhode, 2009, say about the environment for fluorescent blue lights?
Environment is used to alleviate the situational and structural environment that can promote risk taking and drug taking
What are other preventive measures within Parkin & Coomber?
Policing= physical removal of public injecting sites with legitimate force
Displacement strategies such as blocking
Who spoke about SCP and CPtED?
Raymen, 2016
What did Raymen say about SCP and CPtED?
They can contribute to the problem and can be harmful as they decrease public sociability
They are designed to be absent of anything
What has SCP allowed according to Raymen?
Allowed deterrents so the criminal doesn’t see them as easy targets
It allows detaching from others and increases social inequality
What are defensive spaces (Raymen)?
Open, well-lit and highly visible
Deters criminal activity
What are non-places (Raymen)?
Places with a lack of significances
What is moral minimalism (Raymen)?
When the individual is oriented around the avoidance of interaction, averse position to policing
Indifference among one another
Lack of collective social integration
What does Raymen say about class?
The rich uses their resources for protection against the other (Atkinson, 2008)
The proletariat retreats from the public life
