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Key Perspectives & Debates in Criminology > Administrative Criminology > Flashcards

Administrative Criminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is administrative criminology according to Walters, 2003?

A

Criminology that focuses on risk management, cost-effectiveness and reducing crime statistics

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2
Q

What is administrative criminology according to Matthews, 2009?

A

‘Policy driven evidence rather than evidence driven policy’
Focus on finding evidence that will support current evidence

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3
Q

What is administrative criminology according to Tierney, 2009?

A

Approaching crime in a way that makes causal factor irrelevant

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4
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

Assumes that there are potential offenders who weigh the costs and benefits of committing crime

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5
Q

What does RCT focus on?

A

The different circumstances where an individual will commit a crime
What can be done to change motivation

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6
Q

How can crime decrease according to RCT?

A

By decreasing the opportunities available

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7
Q

What is the aim of RCT?

A

To make the choice to commit crime irrational

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8
Q

What are the factors of situational crime prevention?

A

Increasing the perceived effort involved in carrying out crime
Increasing the perceived risks of getting caught
Reducing anticipated rewards
Reducing provocation
Reducing excuses

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9
Q

What is increasing perceived effort involved in carrying out crime?

A

Having access control, deflecting offenders + controlling means

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10
Q

What is increasing the perceived risks of getting caught?

A

Formal surveillance, natural surveillance + reducing anonymity

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11
Q

What is reducing anticipated rewards?

A

Target removal, target concealment + denying benefits

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12
Q

What is reducing provocation?

A

Minimising the possibility of disputes, discouraging imitation + neutralising peer pressure

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13
Q

What is reducing excuses?

A

Rule setting, posting instructions + stimulating conscience

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14
Q

What are the social contexts for situational crime prevention?

A

Decline of the social + privatisation of public space

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15
Q

What is decline of the social?

A

Citizens are private and individualised
Strangers are seen as threats and sources of intrusion
Beck (1992)= political-economic changes led to increased risks and fear

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16
Q

What is privatisation of public space?

A

Eradication of publicly owned, accessible spaces
City centres are designed to design out the social (Raymen, 2016)
Spaces are increasingly non-places (Auge, 1995)

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17
Q

What is a case study for situational crime prevention?

A

Prostitution in London

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18
Q

What was done with prostitution in London?

A

Finsbury Park Action Group= prostitution removed from the area in less than 2 years

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19
Q

Who spoke about prostitution?

A

Lowman, 1992

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20
Q

What did Lowman say?

A

Prostitution was displaced to other areas

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21
Q

What is a critique of crime prevention?

A

Fails to take into account the excitement that motivates crime
Increasing risks attached therefore will be counterproductive

22
Q

What are the 3 critiques of RCT?

A

Technical, qualitative + theoretical

23
Q

What are the technique critiques of RCT?

A

Prevention increases the attraction of risk taking
SCP displaces crime rather than prevent (Hakim & Rengert, 1981)

24
Q

What are the qualitative critiques of RCT?

A

Financial expenditure
Inconvenience to the public
Intrusive

25
Q

What are the theoretical critiques of RCT?

A

Research restricted by political ideology
Driven by demands of public organisations

26
Q

What is routine activity theory?

A

The concentration of crime events and their sources in routine activity
The situations in which crime occurs
Crime as a series of events

27
Q

What major changes did RAT grow?

A

Rapid increase in property offenced during 1960-1975
Routine activities changed quickly after WW2 such as women working
Technology growing at a rapid rate and becoming more available

28
Q

What is crime based on in RAT?

A

If individuals commit crime is based on opportunities and a rational assessmrnt of risks and rewards

29
Q

What is the aim of RAT?

A

Devising pragmatic strategies to increase the risks and reduce rewards

30
Q

What are the critiques of RAT?

A

Ignores broader social, economic and cultural factors in shaping criminal motivations
Lack of attention to white collar and corporate crime

31
Q

What is the distinction of RCT and RAT?

A

RCT analyses crime events on a societal level
RAT is interested in crime events as specific and situational

32
Q

What is the likely offender?

A

Someone who has propensity and the ability to commit crime

33
Q

What is the approach of the likely offender?

A

That there is a ready supply of people who are likely offenders
Attempting to reduce crime by making people better is rejected and differences in levels of motivation is unimportant

34
Q

What is the capable guardian?

A

Someone who prevents the convergence in time and space of a likely offender and suitable target

35
Q

What is the capable guardian in terms of crime prevention?

A

Increasing the capabilites of guardianship

36
Q

What does the suitable target refer to?

A

Value
Inertia
Visability
Access

37
Q

What is value in the suitable target?

A

Objects that can be converted to cash
Vulnerable people are more valuable targets

38
Q

What is inertia in the suitable target?

A

Size and weight of object
How it can be removed

39
Q

What is visability of a suitable target?

A

If an item is not visible it is less likely to be stolen

40
Q

What is access in suitable target?

A

How easy it is to get to the item or person

41
Q

Who spoke about fluorescent blue lights as a preventive measure?

A

Parkin & Coomber, 2010

42
Q

What did Parkin & Coomber , 2010 say about the blue light?

A

It decreases the visibility of veins

43
Q

What are the criticisms from the blue lights?

A

A need to inject may increase from the measure

44
Q

What did Rhode, 2009, say about the environment for fluorescent blue lights?

A

Environment is used to alleviate the situational and structural environment that can promote risk taking and drug taking

45
Q

What are other preventive measures within Parkin & Coomber?

A

Policing= physical removal of public injecting sites with legitimate force
Displacement strategies such as blocking

46
Q

Who spoke about SCP and CPtED?

A

Raymen, 2016

47
Q

What did Raymen say about SCP and CPtED?

A

They can contribute to the problem and can be harmful as they decrease public sociability
They are designed to be absent of anything

48
Q

What has SCP allowed according to Raymen?

A

Allowed deterrents so the criminal doesn’t see them as easy targets
It allows detaching from others and increases social inequality

49
Q

What are defensive spaces (Raymen)?

A

Open, well-lit and highly visible
Deters criminal activity

50
Q

What are non-places (Raymen)?

A

Places with a lack of significances

51
Q

What is moral minimalism (Raymen)?

A

When the individual is oriented around the avoidance of interaction, averse position to policing
Indifference among one another
Lack of collective social integration

52
Q

What does Raymen say about class?

A

The rich uses their resources for protection against the other (Atkinson, 2008)
The proletariat retreats from the public life

Key Perspectives & Debates in Criminology (8 decks)

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