Decolonising Criminology

Question 1

What are the key readings?

Answer 1

Hogg et al & Carrington et al

Question 2

What are the key points from Carrington et al?

Answer 2

The south referred to as a divide, economically
Decreasing ‘global poverty’ has caused a ‘decline in global inequality
Large divisions within the Global North economically
Being ‘underdeveloped…was not the normal…condition of particular countries so labelled but commonly a consequence of their subordinate place in the global economic order

Question 3

What are the key points from Hogg et al?

Answer 3

Neo-imperialism involved economic and knowledge flows across a continuous space
The US and UK ‘publish more indexed journals than the rest of the world combined
Less circulation in the Global North of the journal when there is an Australian author
Knowledge being ‘driven by economic motives
Dominance of social science journals in ‘North Atlantic world and that of Anglophone countries

Question 4

How did the industrial revolution occur in the UK?

Answer 4

Through the slave trade, turning it into an advanced nation

Question 5

What are the links of critical criminology and decolonisation?

Answer 5

Radicalisation
Social + historical structure= America and UK working together to removing the Iranian PM from power in 1953
The criminological imagination

Question 6

What are the pains of colonisation?

Answer 6

Genocides accompany processes of conquest (Mexico, 15th C), killed due to disease from Spain during the colonialisation, Britain stealing the valuables from the Spain after they stole from Mexico)
Indonesia
North America (genocide of Native Americans)
India (19th, UK maintained famines)
Borderline made in other countries by UK (control of the world)

Question 7

What is colonialism?

Answer 7

A practice of domination which involves the subjugation of one people to another

Question 8

What does colonialism refer to?

Answer 8

To the late 19th century european scrambles for Africa snd Asia
The destruction of memory

Question 9

What occurred in 1850 with the British Empire?

Answer 9

Indian civil war

Question 10

What occurred in 1860s-1900s?

Answer 10

Scramble for Africa (Britain, France + Germany)

Question 11

What occurred in 1940s?

Answer 11

The Bengal famine, the crime of partition

Question 12

What occurred in 1950s?

Answer 12

Kenya, Suez + the wind of change (decolonisation)

Question 13

What is US imperialism?

Answer 13

The expansion of the US influence to other countries

Question 14

What is the US referred to as?

Answer 14

The world’s policement as it prevents national liberation struggles through spheres of influence

Question 15

What occurred through US imperialism?

Answer 15

Gulf wars= Iran (1953), Iraq (1991) & Afghanistan
Anti-communism wars with Korea, Cuba + Vietnam

Question 16

Who speaks about the history of colonialism?

Answer 16

Agozino 2004

Question 17

What is colonialism in criminology? Agozino

Answer 17

Criminology was born at the height of European colonialism, employed by imperialism to build a science to control others
Enlightenment period caused racial taxonomy
Lack of rep of indigenous topics
Push against interventions of the racial Other

Question 18

What does criminology constitute in colonialism?

Answer 18

An intrinsically colonial discipline
Theories establish by colonialism being imposed on and by silencing alternative perspectives from non-Western parts of the world

Question 19

Where is criminological knowledge production situated?

Answer 19

In Giobal North’s English-speaking countries

Question 20

What has social science succeeded in?

Answer 20

Representing itself
Widely accepted as universal, timeless and placeless

Question 21

Who speaks of sociology?

Answer 21

Connell, 1997

Question 22

What does Connell say?

Answer 22

Sociology needs to be understood as shaped by imperialism and as embodying a cultural response to the colonised world

Question 23

What does the Southern theory (Connell) suggest?

Answer 23

Presents the thought of a variety of social theorists from formerly colonised and peripheral societies including settler-colonial countries such as Australia

Question 24

What does Southern Criminology suggest we should do?

Answer 24

Reframe criminology as an epistemological and political project

Question 25

What does southern criminology result in?

Answer 25

Shifting focus from the state CJS to global inequalities, transnational crime + postcolonial politics

Question 26

What are the aims of Southern criminology?

Answer 26

Recify these omissions by adding new and diverse perspectives to criminological research agendas to make them more inclusive and benefits of the world we live in

Question 27

What are the lessons from the global south?

Answer 27

International criminal tribunal in Rwanda Transitional justice in argentina

Question 28

Who looked at international criminal tribunal in Rwanda?

Answer 28

Viebach, 2018

Question 29

What are the main points from Viebach?

Answer 29

The role of the international criminal tribunal for rewards Trauma on trial Language of law and inability to hear trauma on the witness stands Relationship between trauma and witnessing and memory making

Question 30

Who looked at the transitional justice in Argentina?

Answer 30

Quiros, 2018

Question 31

What are the key points from Quiros?

Answer 31

Argentina as a space that modelled individual state responsibility for state crime High level human rights prosecutions against repressive military dictatorships Ordinary crimes co-exist with those relating to truth memory and justice and authoritarian past Impact on structure and practice of the CJS and representations of penality Judicalisation of state crimes and military has opened the door

Question 32

What are the criticisms of southern criminology?

Answer 32

Anything new or simply a variant of comparative observation Misinterpreting, neglecting, and silencing earlier and contemporary works from the Global South Failing to provide and embed an adequate theorisation of colonialism Being dominated by Global North (particularly Australian) scholars (Moosavi 2019)

Question 33

What is indigenous criminology?

Answer 33

Purposeful strategy of delegitimizing Indigenous knowledge and social-cultural practices Dispossession, Dislocation and Cultural Trauma ‘Stolen Generations’ and Indigenous Child Removal Government Fraud and Child Labour

Question 34

What occurred in 2017 with indigenous criminology?

Answer 34

Canadian Indigenous tribes declare state of emergency due to worsening drug crisis

Question 35

Who looked at indigenous criminology?

Answer 35

Shephard et al 2020

Question 36

What did Shephard et al find?

Answer 36

1/5 indigenous male Australians have or are currently incarcerated

Question 37

Who looked at the importance of Southern Crim?

Answer 37

Graham & Hale (2011)

Question 38

What is the importance of Southern Crim? Graham & Hale

Answer 38

The US and UK dominate academic publishing, producing more indexed journals than the rest of the world combined. Western Europe and North America account for most of the globally recognised knowledge.

Question 39

What are Graham & Hale's recommendation?

Answer 39

Encouraging open-access publishing to make research more widely available. Supporting South-South collaboration in research and academia. Promoting multilingual academic publishing to diversify knowledge production. Increasing investment in digital infrastructure to bridge the internet access gap.

Question 40

Who critiqued Southern Crim?

Answer 40

Dimou

Question 41

What did Dimou say?

Answer 41

Southern criminology aims to challenge Western-dominated criminological knowledge but still operates within the frameworks of Western modernity. While it acknowledges global inequalities in knowledge production, it does not fully break away from colonial structures. Some attempts at decolonization focus only on adding more diverse perspectives without addressing structural inequalities in knowledge production. Simply increasing representation does not dismantle colonial epistemologies unless power structures within academia are also challenged.

Question 42

Who looked at the economic feastibility of decolonising criminology?

Answer 42

Roehm (2022) Craemer et al (2020)

Question 43

What are the key points from Roehm?

Answer 43

Economic= slavery has denied African americans the right to earn Racial wealth gap- allowed through segregation and ‘discriminating in welfare programs’ p.3 Craemer et al (2020)- German financial support to Israel due to the holocaust There is no consensus on how to quantify those costs

Question 44

What did Allen recommend for economics?

Answer 44

Allen argues reparations must be targeted payments to increase Black working-class income

Question 45

What does Craemer et al recommend for reparations?

Answer 45

They advocate for reparations in the form of direct payments, investments in education, housing, and healthcare, as well as institutional reforms to promote racial equity. Increasing access to affordable housing, implementing fair wage policies, and creating more opportunities for Black entrepreneurship.

Question 46

Who looked at alternative approaches to reparations?

Answer 46

Darity & Mullen

Question 47

What are alternative approaches to reparations?

Answer 47

Darity and Mullen stress that reparations should address multiple dimensions of inequality—economic (wealth transfer), social (education, healthcare), and political (equal participation in governance and policy-making).