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drugs Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Abciximab

A

Monoclonal antibody to fibrin receptor (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) on platelets. Used to prevent clotting after coronary angioplasty

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2
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Antipyretic analgesic: very weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor; not anti?inflammatory. Less toxic than aspirin but more dangerous in overdose (causes hepatic necrosis?antidote: acetylcysteine)

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3
Q

Acetazolamide, dorzolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic: produces a NaHCO3 diuresis, results in bicarbonate depletion, and therefore has self?limited action. Used in glaucoma and mountain sickness. Dorzolamide is a topical analog for glaucoma

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Cholinomimetic prototype: transmitter in CNS, ENS, all ANS ganglia, parasympathetic postganglionic synapses, sympathetic postganglionic fibers to sweat glands, and some skeletal muscle vasodilator synapses

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5
Q

Acyclovir

A

Antiviral: inhibits DNA synthesis in herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase (TK? strains are resistant - use cidofovir and tenofovir). Tox: behavioral effects and nephrotoxicity (crystalluria), but not myelosuppression

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6
Q

Adenosine

A

Antiarrhythmic: unclassified (“Group V”); parenteral only. Hyperpolarizes AV nodal tissue, blocks conduction for 10?15 sec. Used for nodal reentry arrhythmias

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7
Q

Allopurinol

A

Antigout: inhibitor of xanthine oxidase; reduces production of uric acid

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8
Q

Albuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline

A

Important ?2?agonists; used mainly for asthma.

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9
Q

Alprazolam

A

Benzodiazepine sedative?hypnotic: widely used in anxiety states, selectivity for panic attacks and phobias; possible antidepressant actions. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants

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10
Q

Alteplase (rt?PA)

A

Thrombolytic: human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Used in acute MI to recanalize the occluded coronary. Occasionally used in pulmonary embolism, stroke. Tox: bleeding

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11
Q

Amiloride

A

K+?sparing diuretic: blocks Na+ channels in cortical collecting tubules

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12
Q

Aminoglutethimide

A

Nonsteroid inhibitor of steroid synthesis: reduces conversion of cholesterol to the hormone precursor, pregnenolone. Used in metastatic breast cancer

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13
Q

Amiodarone

A

Group IA and III antiarrhythmic: broad spectrum, blocks sodium, potassium, calcium channels, beta receptors. refractory ventricular, sometimes atrial; High efficacy and very long half?life (weeks?months). Tox: deposits in tissues; hypo? or hyperthyroidism; pulmonary fibrosis

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14
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant: blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tox: atropine? like, postural hypotension, sedation; cardiac arrhythmias in overdose (due to Na fast channel block), additive effects with other CNS depressants

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15
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Penicillin: wider spectrum than pen G with activity similar to ampicillin but greater oral bioavailability; less adverse effects on GI tract than ampicillin. Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid. Tox: penicillin allergy

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16
Q

Amphetamine

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: displaces stored catecholamines in nerve endings. Marked CNS stimulant actions; high abuse liability. Tox: psychosis, HTN, MI, seizures

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17
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Antifungal: polyene drug of choice for most systemic mycoses; binds to ergosterol to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeability. Tox: chills and fever, hypokalemia, hypotension, nephrotoxicity (dose?limiting, possibly less with liposomal forms)

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18
Q

Ampicillin

A

Penicillin: wider?spectrum than pen G, susceptible to penicillinases unless used with sulbactam. Activity similar to pen G, plus E coli, H influenzae, P mirabilis, Shigella. Synergy with aminoglycosides versus enterococci and *listeria – especially e coli UTI. Tox: penicillin allergy; more adverse effects on GI tract than other penicillins; maculopapular skin rash

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19
Q

Anistreplase (APSAC)

A

Thrombolytic: bacterial streptokinase complexed with human plasminogen. Longer acting in body than other thrombolytics (rt?PA, streptokinase, urokinase). Tox: bleeding, allergy to streptococcal protein

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20
Q

Aspirin

A

NSAID prototype: inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II irreversibly. Potent antiplatelet agent as well as antipyretic analgesic anti?inflammatory drug

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21
Q

Atenolol

A

Beta1?selective blocker: low lipid solubility, less CNS effect; used for HTN. (Note mnemonic for beta1?selective blockers: their names start with A through M. [Exceptions: carteolol & labetalol are not selective])

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22
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker prototype: lipid soluble, CNS effects. Tox: “red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter,” urinary retention, mydriasis

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23
Q

Azithromycin

A

Antibiotic: similar to erythromycin, but greater activity versus chlamydia and streptococci; long half?life due to tissue accumulation. Tox: GI distress, but no inhibition of drug metabolism

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24
Q

Baclofen

A

GABA analog, orally active: spasmolytic; activates GABAB receptors in the spinal cord

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25
Q

Benztropine

A

Centrally acting antimuscarinic prototype for parkinsonism

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26
Q

Bethanechol

A

Muscarinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase; used for atonic bowel or bladder

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27
Q

Botulinum

A

Toxin: enzyme produced by Clostridium botulinum; interacts with fusion/docking proteins to block release of acetylcholine vesicles

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28
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Ergot derivative: dopamine agonist in CNS; inhibits prolactin release. Used in parkinsonism and hyperprolactinemia. Tox: CNS, dyskinesias, hypotension

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29
Q

Bupivacaine

A

Long?acting amide local anesthetic prototype: greater CV toxicity than most local anesthetics

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30
Q

Buspirone

A

Anxiolytic: atypical drug that interacts with 5HT1A receptors; slow onset. Minimal potentiation of CNS depressants including ethanol; negligible abuse liability

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31
Q

Captopril

A

ACE inhibitor prototype: used in HTN, diabetic renal disease, and CHF. Tox: hyperkalemia, fetal renal damage, cough (“sore throat”)

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32
Q

Carbachol

A

Nonselective muscarinic and nicotinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase; used for glaucoma (not a first?line drug)

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33
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Anticonvulsant: tricyclic derivative used for tonic?clonic and partial seizures; *blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes. Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia; back?up drug in mania. Tox: CNS depression, hematotoxic, induces liver drug?metabolizing enzymes

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34
Q

Cefazolin

A

First?generation cephalosporin prototype: bactericidal beta?lactam inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Active against gram?positive cocci, E coli, K pneumoniae, but does not enter CSF. Tox: potential allergy; partial cross?reactivity with penicillins

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35
Q

Cefoxitin

A

Second?generation cephalosporin: active against a wide spectrum of gram?negative bacteria including anaerobes (B fragilis). Does not enter the CNS

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36
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Third?generation cephalosporin: active against resistant bacteria including gonococci, H influenzae, and other gram?negative organisms. Crosses the blood?brain barrier

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37
Q

Celecoxib, rofecoxib

A

First COX?II?selective NSAIDs. Reduced GI toxicity

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38
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Antibiotic: broad spectrum agent; inhibits protein synthesis (50S); uses restricted to back? up drug for bacterial meningitis, infections due to anaerobes, Salmonella. Tox: reversible myelosuppression, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome

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39
Q

Chloroquine

A

Antimalarial: blood schizonticide used for treatment and as a chemosuppressant where P falciparum is susceptible. Tox: GI distress and skin rash at low doses; peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions, auditory and visual impairment, quinidine?like myocardial depression at high doses

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40
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A

Antihistamine H1 blocker prototype: Tox: sedation, antimuscarinic

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41
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Phenothiazine antipsychotic drug prototype: blocks most dopamine receptors in the CNS. Tox: atropine?like, EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, postural hypotension, sedation, seizures (in overdose), additive effects with other CNS depressants, corneal deposits

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42
Q

Cholestyramine, colestipol

A

Bile acid?binding resins: sequester bile acids in gut and divert more cholesterol from the liver to bile acids instead of circulating lipoproteins. Tox: constipation, bloating; interfere with absorption of some drugs

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43
Q

Cimetidine

A

H2 blocker prototype: used in acid?peptic disease. Tox: inhibits hepatic drug metabolism; antiandrogen effects. Less toxic analogs: ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine

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44
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: bactericidal inhibitor of topoisomerases; active against many gram?negative rods including E coli, H influenzae, Campylobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Shigella. Tox: CNS dysfunction, GI distress, superinfection, collagen damage (avoid in children and pregnant women). Interactions: caffeine, theophylline, warfarin

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45
Q

Cisplatin

A

Platinum?containing alkylating cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Used for several solid tumors (eg, testes, lung). Carboplatin is similar. Prevent nephrotoxicity with amifostine.

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46
Q

Clindamycin

A

Lincosamide antibiotic: bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S); active against gram?positive cocci, B fragilis. Tox: GI distress, pseudomembranous colitis

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47
Q

Clomiphene

A

Estrogen partial agonist: synthetic used in infertility to induce ovulation

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48
Q

Clonidine

A

Alpha2 agonist: acts centrally to reduce SANS outflow, lowers BP. Tox: rebound HTN if stopped suddenly

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49
Q

Clozapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic: low affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, higher for D4 and 5?HT2A receptors; less EPS adverse effects than other antipsychotic drugs. Tox: ANS effects, agranulocytosis (infrequent but significant)

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50
Q

Cocaine

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: blocks amine reuptake into nerve endings. Local anesthetic (ester type). Marked CNS stimulation, euphoria; high abuse liability. Tox: psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures

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51
Q

Colchicine

A

Microtubule assembly inhibitor: reduces mobility and phagocytosis by WBCs in gout? inflamed joints; useful in acute, not chronic gout. Tox: GI, hepatic, renal damage

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52
Q

Cyclopentolate, tropicamide

A

Antimuscarinics for ophthalmology: shorter duration than atropine (a few hours or less); cause cycloplegia and mydriasis

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53
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive: cell cycle?nonspecific alkylating agent. Tox: alopecia, gastrointestinal distress, hemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression

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54
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Immunosuppressant: antibiotic; inhibits interleukin?2 synthesis, suppresses T cells. Tox: HTN, hirsutism, nephrotoxicity (dose?limiting), seizures (in overdose). Not a myelosuppressant

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55
Q

Dantrolene

A

Blocks Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Used in muscle spasm (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, cord injury) and in emergency treatment of hyperthermia caused by malignant hyperthermia, malignant neuroleptic syndrome, and serotonin syndrome

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56
Q

DDAVP

A

ADH analog: synthetic peptide used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

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57
Q

DDT

A

Insecticide: prevents inactivation of sodium channels, causes uncontrolled neuronal activity. Stored for years in body fat in mammals, birds, fish

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58
Q

Deferoxamine

A

Chelator: bacterial product; chelates iron very avidly, aluminum less so

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59
Q

Dexfenfluramine

A

5?HT reuptake inhibitor and receptor agonist previously used as anorexic. Tox: produced cardiac valve damage when used in combination with phentermine

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60
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Glucocorticoid: very potent, long?acting; no mineralocorticoid activity

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61
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine prototype: binds to BDZ receptors of the GABAA receptor?chloride ion channel complex; facilitates the inhibitory actions of GABA by increasing frequency of channel opening. Uses: anxiety states, ethanol detoxication, muscle spasticity, status epilepticus. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants - for short acting, use triazolam

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62
Q

Didanosine (DDI)

A

Antiviral: nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. Tox: peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis

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63
Q

Digitoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside: half?life 168 h, excreted in the bile (partially as digoxin); subject to enterohepatic circulation. See digoxin

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64
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside prototype: positive inotropic drug for CHF, half?life 40 h; renal excretion; inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, also a cardiac parasympathomimetic. Tox: calcium overload arrhythmias, GI upset, don’t give with Wolf-Park-White syndrome (reentrant tachy)

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65
Q

Diltiazem

A

Calcium channel (L?type) blocker prototype: like verapamil, has more depressant effect on heart than dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine). Tox: AV block, CHF, edema, constipation

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66
Q

Dimercaprol (BAL)

A

Chelator (British AntiLewisite): used for arsenic, lead, and mercury poisoning

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67
Q

Dioxin (TCDD)

A

Toxin: byproduct of the manufacture of herbicides 2,4?D and 2,4,5?T. Tox: extremely potent carcinogen in guinea pigs; poorly documented in humans except for chloracne, a skin disorder that occurs acutely upon exposure

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68
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Antihistamine H1 blocker prototype: used in hayfever, motion sickness, dystonias. Tox: antimuscarinic, anti?alpha, sedative

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69
Q

Disopyramide

A

Group IA antiarrhythmic: used for ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: strong antimuscarinic; may cause CHF

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70
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter and agonist drug at dopamine receptors: used in shock to increase renal blood flow, stimulate heart

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71
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Antineoplastic: anthracycline drug (cell cycle?nonspecific); intercalates between base pairs to disrupt DNA functions and forms cytotoxic free radicals. Tox: cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression

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72
Q

Doxycycline

A

Tetracycline antibiotic: protein synthesis inhibitor (30S), more effective than other tetracyclines against bacillary dysentery. Unlike other tetracyclines, it is eliminated mainly in the feces. Tox: see tetracycline

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73
Q

Echothiophate

A

Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor: less lipid soluble than most organophosphates; used in glaucoma

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74
Q

Edetate (EDTA)

A

Chelating agent: used in lead poisoning. Tox: renal tubular necrosis

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75
Q

Edrophonium

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor: very short duration of action (15 min). Used to reverse NM blockade and as diagnostic test in myasthenia gravis, doesn’t cross BBB

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76
Q

Enoxaparin

A

Low molecular weight heparin. Primary effect is anti?factor X. Other low molecular weight heparin?like products: dalteparin, danaparoid. Tox: bleeding

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77
Q

Ephedrine

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: like amphetamine but less CNS stimulation, more smooth muscle effects

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78
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenoceptor agonist prototype: product of adrenal medulla, some CNS neurons. Affinity for all alpha and all beta receptors. Used in asthma; as hemostatic and adjunct with local anesthetics; drug of choice in anaphylaxis

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79
Q

Ergonovine

A

Ergot alkaloid: uterine effect prototype, causes prolonged uterine contraction. Used in post?partum bleeding

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80
Q

Ergotamine

A

Ergot alkaloid: vascular effect prototype, causes prolonged vasoconstriction, uterine contraction. Used in migraine, obstetrics

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81
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolide antibiotic: inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S); activity includes gram?positive cocci and bacilli, M pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, C trachomatis. Tox: cholestatic jaundice, inhibits liver drug?metabolizing enzymes, interactions with astemizole, theophylline, terfenadine, warfarin

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82
Q

Ethacrynic acid

A

Loop diuretic: not a sulfa derivative. Tox: like furosemide but does not increase serum uric acid.

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83
Q

Ethanol

A

Sedative?hypnotic: acute actions include impaired judgment, ataxia, loss of consciousness, vasodilation, and cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Chronic use leads to dependence and liver, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and nervous system pathology. Note: zero?order elimination kinetics

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84
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Anticonvulsant: used in absence seizures; may block T?type Ca2+ channels in thalamic neurons. Tox: GI distress but safe in pregnancy

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85
Q

Etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate

A

Bisphosphonates: reduce turnover of bone calcium. Used in Paget’s disease, osteoporosis; alendronate increases bone formation. Tox: severe esophageal ulceration

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86
Q

Fexofenadine

A

2nd generation antihistamine; does not enter CNS, little or no sedation

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87
Q

Finasteride

A

Steroid inhibitor of 5??reductase: inhibits synthesis of dihydrotestosterone, the active androgen in prostate. Used in BPH

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88
Q

Flecainide

A

Group IC antiarrhythmic prototype: used in ventricular tachycardia and rapid atrial arrhythmias with Wolff?Parkinson?White syndrome. Tox: arrhythmogenic, CNS excitation

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89
Q

Fluconazole

A

Imidazole antifungal: used for esophageal candidiasis and in coccidioidomycoses; high CSF levels provide prophylaxis versus fungal meningitis in immunosuppressed patients

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90
Q

Fludrocortisone

A

Synthetic corticosteroid: high mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity; long duration of action

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91
Q

Flumazenil

A

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist: used to reverse CNS depressant effects of benzodiazepines (overdose or when used in anesthesia)

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92
Q

Fluorouracil

A

Antineoplastic: pyrimidine antimetabolite (cell cycle?specific) causes “thymine?less” cell death; used mainly for solid or superficial tumors. Tox: GI distress, myelosuppression

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93
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Antidepressant: serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prototype. Less ANS adverse effects and cardiotoxic potential than tricyclics. Tox: CNS stimulation, seizures in overdose

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94
Q

Flutamide

A

Androgen receptor inhibitor: nonsteroid used in prostatic carcinoma

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95
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic prototype: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl? transporter; high efficacy; used in acute pulmonary edema, refractory edematous states, hypercalcemia. Tox: ototoxicity, K+ wasting, hypovolemia, increased serum uric acid

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96
Q

Foscarnet

A

Antiviral: effective against CMV and HSV (including TK? strains); PP analog; Tox: electrolyte imbalance (chelates and increases Ca and Mg wasting), nephrotoxicity

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97
Q

Ganciclovir

A

Antiviral: effective against CMV; requires bioactivation via thymidine kinase. Tox: myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity

98
Q

Gemfibrozil, clofibrate

A

Antilipemics: stimulate lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues. Block 7a hydrolase; Used in hypertriglyceridemias and mixed triglyceridemia/hypercholesterolemia; Can cause gall stones

99
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside prototype: bactericidal inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S); active against many aerobic gram?negative bacteria. Narrow therapeutic window; dose reduction required in renal impairment. Tox: renal dysfunction, ototoxicity; once?daily dosing is effective (post?antibiotic effect) and less toxic

100
Q

Glipizide, glyburide

A

Oral hypoglycemics: second generation, very potent. Like other sulfonylureas, act by closing K channels in pancreatic B cells, causing depolarization and release of insulin. Tox: hypoglycemia, sulfa allergy

101
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone product of pancreatic A cells. Increases blood sugar via increased cAMP

102
Q

Guanethidine

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron blocker: enters nerve ending by means of uptake?1 and is stored in the ending (effect reversed by TCAs, cocaine). Tox: severe orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction

103
Q

Haloperidol

A

Antipsychotic butyrophenone: blocks brain dopamine D2 receptors. Tox: marked EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia; less ANS adverse effects than phenothiazines

104
Q

Halothane

A

General anesthetic prototype: inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon. Causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression and relaxes skeletal and smooth muscle. Use has decreased due to sensitization of heart to catecholamines, and occurrence (rare) of hepatitis and malignant hyperthermia

105
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant: large polymeric molecule with antithrombin, and anti?factor X activity. Primary rapid onset, in vitro and in vivo anticoagulation. Antidote: protamine. See also enoxaparin

106
Q

Hydralazine

A

Antihypertensive: arteriolar vasodilator, orally active; used in HTN, CHF. Tox: Tachycardia, salt and water retention, lupus?like syndrome

107
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic prototype: acts in distal convoluted tubule; blocks Na+/Cl? transporter; used in HTN, CHF, chronic renal stone syndrome (and osteoporosis). Tox: increased serum lipids, uric acid, glucose; K+ wasting

108
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID prototype: short duration. Inhibits cyclooxygenase (both I and II) reversibly. Used in arthritis, dysmenorrhea, muscle inflammation. Tox: peptic ulcer, renal damage

109
Q

Imipenem

A

Antibiotic: carbapenem beta?lactam active against many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria including penicillinase?producing organisms; a bactericidal inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Used with cilastatin (which inhibits metabolism by renal dehydropeptidases). Tox: allergy (partial cross?reactivity with penicillins), seizures (overdose)

110
Q

Imipramine

A

Tricyclic antidepressant prototype: blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tox: ANS (alpha and muscarinic) blockade, cardiac arrhythmias - treat overdose arrhythmia with bicarb

111
Q

Indinavir

A

Antiviral; HIV protease inhibitor used as component of combination regimens in AIDS. Tox: anemia, nephrolithiasis, inhibits P?450 drug metabolism reactions. Other protease inhibitors: ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir

112
Q

Indomethacin

A

NSAID prototype: highly potent. Usually reserved for acute inflammation (eg, acute gout), not chronic; neonatal patent ductus arteriosus. Tox: GI (bleeding), renal damage

113
Q

Insulin

A

Hypoglycemic peptide hormone of B (beta) cells of the pancreas: stimulates transport of glucose into cells and glycogen formation; inhibits lipolysis and protein catabolism

114
Q

Interferon??

A

Important cytokine for the treatment of hepatitis B and C infection.

115
Q

Ipodate

A

Antithyroid: iodine?containing radiocontrast medium; also used in thyrotoxicosis. Reduces peripheral conversion of T4 to T3; may also reduce release of hormone from thyroid

116
Q

Ipratropium

A

Antimuscarinic agent: aerosol for asthma, COPD. Good bronchodilator in 20?30% of patients. Not as effective as ?2 agonists

117
Q

Isoniazid

A

Antimycobacterial: primary drug in combination regimens for tuberculosis; used as sole agent in prophylaxis. Metabolic clearance via N?acetyltransferases (genetic variability). Tox: hepatotoxicity (age?dependent), peripheral neuropathy (reversed by pyridoxine), hemolysis (in G6PD deficiency)

118
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Beta1, beta2 agonist catecholamine prototype: bronchodilator, cardiac stimulant. Always causes tachycardia because both direct and reflex actions increase HR. Tox: arrhythmias, angina

119
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Antifungal azole prototype: active systemically; inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol. Used for C albicans, dermatophytes and for non?life?threatening systemic mycoses. Tox: hepatic dysfunction, inhibits steroid synthesis and P450?dependent drug metabolism

120
Q

Labetalol

A

Alpha? and beta?blocker: used in HTN. Tox: AV block, hypotension

121
Q

Leuprolide

A

GnRH analog: synthetic peptide used in pulse therapy to stimulate gonadal steroid synthesis (infertility); used in continuous or depot therapy to decrease circulating testosterone, especially in prostate carcinoma

122
Q

Levodopa

A

Dopamine precursor: used in parkinsonism, usually combined with carbidopa (a peripheral inhibitor of dopamine metabolism). Tox: dyskinesias, hypotension, on?off phenomena, behavioral changes

123
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local anesthetic, medium duration amide prototype: highly selective use?dependent Group IB antiarrhythmic; used for nerve block and post MI ischemic ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: CNS excitation

124
Q

Lithium

A

Antimanic prototype: drug of choice in mania and bipolar affective disorders; blocks recycling of the phosphatidyl inositol second messenger system. Tox: tremor, diabetes insipidus, goiter, seizures (in overdose), teratogenic potential (Ebstein’s malformations)

125
Q

Lovastatin

A

Antilipemic HMG?CoA reductase inhibitor prototype: acts in liver to reduce synthesis of cholesterol. Other statins: atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin. Best for lowering LDL; Tox: liver damage (elevated enzymes), muscle damage

126
Q

LSD

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide, “Acid:” semisynthetic ergot derivative; orally active; hallucinogen

127
Q

Malathion

A

Organophosphate insecticide cholinesterase inhibitor: pro?drug converted to malaoxon. Less toxic in mammals and birds because metabolized to inactive products

128
Q

Meperidine

A

Opioid analgesic: synthetic, equivalent to morphine in efficacy, but orally bioavailable. Strong agonist at mu opioid receptors; blocks muscarinic receptors. Tox: see morphine

129
Q

Mestranol

A

Synthetic estrogen: used in many oral contraceptives

130
Q

Metformin, phenformin

A

Oral biguanide hypoglycemics: mechanism not understood, different from sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemics. Some efficacy in the absence of functioning pancreatic B cells; Can cause lactic acidosis

131
Q

Methadone

A

Opioid analgesic: synthetic mu agonist, equivalent to morphine in efficacy, but orally bioavailable with longer half?life (used to suppress withdrawal symptoms and in maintenance programs). Tox: see morphine

132
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antineoplastic, immunosuppressant: cell cycle?specific drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Major dose reduction required in renal impairment. Tox: gastrointestinal distress, myelosuppression. Leucovorin rescue used to reduce toxicity after very high doses

133
Q

Methyldopa

A

Antihypertensive: prodrug of methylnorepinephrine, a CNS?active ?2 agonist. Reduces SANS outflow from vasomotor center. Tox: positive Coombs test, hemolysis

134
Q

Methysergide

A

Ergot alkaloid: used as prophylactic in migraine. Tox: retroperitoneal and subendocardial fibroplasia

135
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta1?selective blocker: used in HTN and for prevention of post?MI sudden death arrhythmias

136
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antiprotozoal antibiotic: drug of choice in extraluminal amebiasis and trichomoniasis; active against bacterial anaerobes including B fragilis and in antibiotic?induced colitis due to C difficile. Tox: peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal distress, ethanol intolerance, mutagenic potential

137
Q

Mexiletine

A

Group IB antiarrhythmic drug: like lidocaine but orally active

138
Q

Mifepristone (RU 486)

A

Progesterone and glucocorticoid inhibitor: abortifacient, antineoplastic

139
Q

Minoxidil

A

Antihypertensive: pro?drug of minoxidil sulfate, a high efficacy arteriolar vasodilator. Used in HTN; topically for baldness. Tox: tachycardia, salt and water retention, pericardial effusion

140
Q

Misoprostol

A

PGE1 derivative: orally active prostaglandin used to prevent peptic ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs for arthritis. Tox: diarrhea

141
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid analgesic prototype: strong mu receptor agonist. Poor oral bioavailability. Effects include analgesia, constipation, emesis, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and urinary retention. Tolerance may be marked; high potential for psychologic and physical dependence. Additive effects with other CNS depressants

142
Q

Nafcillin

A

Penicillinase?resistant penicillin prototype: used for suspected or known staphylococcal infections; not active against methicillin?resistant staphylococci. Tox: penicillin allergy

143
Q

Nalbuphine

A

Opioid: mixed agonist?antagonist analgesic that activates kappa and weakly blocks mu receptors. Effective analgesic, but with lower abuse liability and less respiratory depressant effects than most strong opioid analgesics

144
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid mu receptor antagonist: used to reverse CNS depressant effects of opioid analgesics (overdose or when used in anesthesia)

145
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor prototype: quaternary nitrogen carbamate with little CNS effect

146
Q

Nevirapine

A

Prototype nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase (NNRTI).Others : efavirenz, delavirdine

147
Q

Niacin

A

Antilipemic: reduces release of VLDL from liver into circulation. Best agent to raise HDL; Tox: flushing, gouty arthritis

148
Q

Nifedipine

A

Calcium channel blocker prototype: vasoselective (less cardiac depression); used in angina, HTN. Tox: constipation, headache

149
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Antianginal vasodilator prototype: releases NO in smooth muscle of veins, less in arteries, and causes relaxation. Standard of therapy in angina (both atherosclerotic and variant). Tox: tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, headache

150
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenoceptor agonist prototype: acts at all alpha and at beta1 adrenoceptors; used as vasoconstrictor. Causes reflex bradycardia. Tox: ischemia, arrhythmias, HTN

151
Q

Norfloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase; active against many urinary pathogens including E coli, H influenzae, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia. Tox: see ciprofloxacin

152
Q

Norgestrel

A

Progestin: used in many oral contraceptives and Norplant implantable contraceptive

153
Q

Olanzapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic; high affinity antagonist at 5HT2A with minimal extrapyramidal side effects; improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

154
Q

Omeprazole

A

Antiulcer: irreversible blocker of H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach. Used in Zollinger?Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

155
Q

Ondansetron, granisetron

A

5?HT3 receptor blockers: very important antiemetics for cancer chemotherapy; also used post?operatively to reduce vomiting

156
Q

Paraquat

A

Toxic herbicide: very small oral (but not inhaled) doses cause lethal pulmonary fibrosis

157
Q

Parathion

A

Organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prototype: used as insecticide. Pro?drug: converted in body to paraoxon. Other organophosphates: DFP, soman, tabun, echothiophate. Tox: “DUMBELS” mnemonic (Chapter 7)

158
Q

Penicillamine

A

Chelator, immunomodulator: copper and sometimes lead, mercury, arsenic. Used in Wilson’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis

159
Q

Penicillin G

A

Penicillin prototype: active against common streptococci, gram?positive bacilli, gram? negative cocci, spirochetes, and enterococci (if used with an aminoglycoside); penicillinase?susceptible. Tox: penicillin allergy

160
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Long?acting barbiturate prototype: used as a sedative and for tonic?clonic seizures. Facilitates GABA?mediated neuronal inhibition (by increasing duration of channel opening) and may block excitatory neurotransmitters. Partial renal clearance that can be increased by urinary alkalinization. Chronic use leads to induction of liver drug? metabolizing enzymes and ALA synthase. Tox: psychologic and physical dependence liability; additive effects with other CNS depressants

161
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Alpha?blocker prototype: irreversible action. Used in pheochromocytomal

162
Q

Phentolamine

A

Alpha?blocker prototype: reversible action. Used in pheochromocytoma

163
Q

Phenytoin

A

Anticonvulsant: used for tonic?clonic and partial seizures; blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes. Serum levels variable due to first?pass metabolism and dose?dependent nonlinear elimination kinetics. Tox: sedation, diplopia, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, respiratory depression in overdose, teratogenic potential. Drug interactions via effects on plasma protein binding or induction of hepatic metabolism

164
Q

Physostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor prototype: alkaloid tertiary amine carbamate, enters eye and CNS readily. Used in glaucoma

165
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Muscarinic agonist prototype: tertiary amine alkaloid. May cause paradoxical hypertension by activating excitatory muscarinic EPSP receptors in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Used in glaucoma. Tox: muscarinic excess

166
Q

Piroxicam

A

NSAID with longest duration of action (t1/2 about 40 h)

167
Q

Pralidoxime

A

Acetylcholinesterase regenerator: very high affinity for phosphorus in organophosphates

168
Q

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

A

Alpha1?selective blockers: used in HTN. Tox: first?dose orthostatic hypotension

169
Q

Prednisone

A

Glucocorticoid prototype: potent, short?acting; much less mineralocorticoid activity than cortisol but more than dexamethasone or triamcinolone

170
Q

Probenecid

A

Uricosuric: inhibitor of renal weak acid secretion and reabsorption in S2 segment of proximal tubule; prolongs half?life of penicillin, accelerates clearance of uric acid. Used in gout

171
Q

Probucol

A

Antilipemic: unknown mechanism; recently withdrawn but new evidence suggests efficacy in preventing restenosis of coronaries after angioplasty.Tox: causes arrhythmias

172
Q

Procainamide

A

Group IA antiarrhythmic drug: v-fib, esp; short half?life; similar to quinidine but may cause lupus erythematosus

173
Q

Propranolol

A

Nonselective beta?blocker prototype: local anesthetic action but no partial agonist effect. Used in HTN, angina, arrhythmias, migraine, hyperthyroidism, tremor. Tox: asthma, AV block, CHF

174
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Antithyroid drug prototype: reduces iodination of tyrosine and coupling of MIT and DIT in the thyroid; orally active. Tox: rash, agranulocytosis (rare)

175
Q

Prostacyclin

A

PGI2: prostaglandin vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation

176
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor: long?acting (8 h) quaternary carbamate; used in myasthenia gravis

177
Q

Quinidine

A

Group IA antiarrhythmic prototype: used in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Tox: cinchonism, GI upset, thrombocytopenic purpura, arrhythmogenic

178
Q

Quinine

A

Antimalarial: blood schizonticide; no effect on liver stages. Isomer of quinidine, same toxicity

179
Q

Ranitidine

A

H2 blocker: like cimetidine but less inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism; no antiandrogenic effects

180
Q

Reserpine

A

Antihypertensive: selective inhibitor of vesicle catecholamine/H+ antiporter; used in HTN, causes depletion of catecholamines and 5?HT from their stores. Tox: severe depression, suicide, ulcers

181
Q

Rifampin

A

Antimicrobial: inhibitor of DNA?dependent RNA polymerase used in drug regimens for tuberculosis and the meningococcal carrier state (ie post-exposure prophylaxis in meningitis). Tox: hepatic dysfunction, induction of liver drug?metabolizing enzymes (drug interactions), flu?like syndrome with intermittent dosing

182
Q

Risperidone, olanzapine, sertindole

A

Newer atypical antipsychotics. Higher potency, more blocking of 5?HT2 receptors than older antipsychotic agents. Low extrapyramidal toxicity.

183
Q

Selegiline

A

MAO?B inhibitor: selective inhibitor of the enzyme that metabolizes dopamine (no tyramine interactions). Used in parkinsonism as adjunct

184
Q

Sildenafil

A

Viagra. Blocks phosphodiesterase that splits cGMP; enhanced smooth muscle relaxation causes erection. Important interaction with nitrates.

185
Q

Streptokinase

A

Thrombolytic: protein from streptococci that accelerates plasminogen?to?plasmin conversion. Tox: bleeding, allergy

186
Q

Succimer (DMSA)

A

Chelator: dimercaptosuccinic acid; used to chelate lead and arsenic

187
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant prototype: short duration (5 min) if patient has normal plasma cholinesterase (genetically determined). No antidote (compare with tubocurarine); if pt has slow cholinesterase, SCh is converted, eventually, to a reversible block

188
Q

Sumatriptan, other “? triptans”

A

5?HT1D receptor agonists: used to abort migraine attacks

189
Q

Tamoxifen, raloxifen

A

Estrogen partial agonists “selective estrogen receptor modulators”: used in breast carcinoma, osteoporosis

190
Q

Tetracaine

A

Local anesthetic: long?acting ester prototype

191
Q

Tetracycline

A

Antibiotic: tetracycline prototype; bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S). Broad spectrum, but many resistant organisms. Used for Lyme disease, mycoplasmal, chlamydial, rickettsial infections, chronic bronchitis, acne, cholera; a back?up drug in syphilis. Tox: GI upset and superinfections (Candida, staphylococci), antianabolic actions, Fanconi’s syndrome (outdated drug), photosensitivity, dental enamel dysplasia

192
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Toxin: very potent sodium channel blocker; blocks action potential propagation in nerve, heart, and skeletal muscle. From puffer fish, California newt. Tox: paresthesias, paralysis

193
Q

Thiazides

A

Diuretic prototype: block Na+/Cl? transporter in distal convoluted tubule; used in HTN, CHF, chronic stone formers. Tox: K+ wasting; increased serum lipids, uric acid, calcium and glucose

194
Q

Thioridazine

A

Antipsychotic phenothiazine: blocks most dopamine receptors in the CNS. Tox: atropine? like effects (marked), ECG abnormalities, postural hypotension, retinal pigmentation, sedation, additive effects with other CNS depressants (but less EPS dysfunction than other phenothiazines)

195
Q

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

A

Major hormones produced by the thyroid: stimulate metabolism, growth, and development

196
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Extended spectrum penicillin active against selected gram?negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (synergistic with aminoglycosides). Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid. Tox: penicillin allergy

197
Q

Ticlopidine, clopidogrel

A

Newer antiplatelet agents. Used to prevent strokes, postangioplasty occlusion.

198
Q

Tolbutamide, tolazamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide

A

Oral hypoglycemics: older sulfonylurea group. (See glipizide.) Chlorpropamide has longest duration of action

199
Q

Trimethoprim?sulfamethoxazole

A

Antimicrobial drug combination: causes synergistic sequential blockade of folic acid synthesis. Active against many gram?negative bacteria including Aeromonas, Enterobacter, H influenzae, Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella. Possible back?up agent for methicillin?resistant staphylococci. Tox: mainly due to sulfonamide; includes hypersensitivity, hematotoxicity, kernicterus, and drug interactions due to competition for plasma protein binding

200
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent prototype: competitive nicotinic blocker. Releases histamine and may cause hypotension. Analogues: pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium, and other “?curiums” and “?curoniums.” Antidote: cholinesterase inhibitor, eg, neostigmine

201
Q

Tyramine

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic prototype: releases or displaces norepinephrine from stores in nerve endings. Usually inactive by the oral route because of high first pass effect but will cause potentially lethal hypertensive responses in patients taking MAO inhibitors

202
Q

Valproic acid

A

Anticonvulsant: used in absence, clonic?tonic, and myoclonic seizure states, migraine prophylactic. Tox: GI distress, hepatic necrosis (rare), teratogenic (spina bifida - inhibits folic acid absorp); inhibits drug metabolism

203
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic: inhibits synthesis of cell wall precursor molecules. Drug of choice for methicillin?resistant staphylococci and effective in antibiotic?induced colitis. Dose reduction required in renal impairment (or hemodialysis). Tox: ototoxicity, hypersensitivity, renal dysfunction (rare)

204
Q

Verapamil

A

Calcium channel blocker prototype: blocks “L?type” channels; cardiac depressant and vasodilator; used in HTN, angina, and arrhythmias (a fib). Tox: AV block, CHF, constipation

205
Q

Vesamicol

A

Inhibitor of vesicle ACh/H+ antiporter in cholinergic nerve endings: prevents storage of ACh. No clinical applications

206
Q

Vincristine

A

Antineoplastic plant alkaloid: cell cycle (M phase)?specific agent; inhibits mitotic spindle formation. Tox: peripheral neuropathy. Compare with vinblastine, a congener that causes myelosuppression

207
Q

Warfarin

A

Oral anticoagulant prototype: causes synthesis of nonfunctional versions of the vitamin K? dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X). Use for heart valve replacement, …; Tox: bleeding, teratogenic. Antidote: vitamin K, fresh plasma

208
Q

Zanamivir, oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors that can be used to reduce severity and duration of influenza symptoms. Prevents penetration of the virion.

209
Q

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

Antiviral: prototype nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase (NRTI). Tox: severe myelosuppression. Others: lamivudine, stavudine, didanosine, zalcitabine.

210
Q

Zolpidem

A

Non?benzodiazepine hypnotic, acts via the BDZ1 (omega1) receptor subtype and is reversed by flumazenil; less amnesia and muscle relaxation; lower dependence liability

211
Q

Sotolol

A

Class 3 and beta blocking - prolongs QT and PR, use for atrial fibrilation; careful of pulm effects

212
Q

Levirudin

A

Direct Thrombin inhibitor; use to block thrombosis in HIT

213
Q

Riboflavin

A

Destroyed by phototherapy

214
Q

Pentazocine

A

Partial mu agonist like buprenorphine (withdraw in addicts)

215
Q

Lamotrigine

A

for refractory partial and generalized ton-clon seizures and bipolar; watch for life-threatening skin rash (kids esp)

216
Q

Gabapentin

A

newish anti-convulsant for refractory partial seizures, increase GABA in brain; also in group: Tiagabine (reuptake), Topiramate (Na channel block), Vigabatrin (block GABA breakdown)

217
Q

Donepezil

A

Cholinesterase Inhib for AD (also NMDA blocker, Memantadine and antioxidant vit E)

218
Q

1A antiarrhythms

A

longer AP and slower depol (phase 0) (DQP)

219
Q

1B antiarrhythms

A

shorter AP and normalish depol (phase 0) (LTM)

220
Q

1C antiarrhythms

A

normal AP and extra slow depol (phase 0) (MoFP)

221
Q

thiopental

A

rapid onset barbituate; rapid recovery due to redistribution to muscle and fat

222
Q

spironolactone

A

aldosterone antagonist; K sparing diuretic; can use for Conns syndrome; eplerenone is similar

223
Q

amlodipine

A

calcium channel blocker - more peripheral

224
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic (good for cerebral edema/ICP) can cause life-threatening pulmonary edema

225
Q

rosiglitazone, pioglitazone

A

Thiazoladinedione - triggers increased insulin response through more insulin receptors (PPAR gamma); contraindicated in heart failure

226
Q

infliximab

A

anti TNF alpha mab - used for chronic inflammation diseases like RA

227
Q

eternacept

A

anti TNF alpha interceptor = floating receptor; used for chronic inflammation diseases like RA

228
Q

cyproheptadine

A

anti histamine with anti-serotonin effects (good for SSRI overdose or serotonin syndrome)

229
Q

cladribine

A

adenosine analog that can’t be broken down by adenosine deaminase - leads to build up and DNA strand breaks; use for hairy cell leukemia

230
Q

ribavirin

A

induces hypermutation by inhibiting RNA polymerase and processing; used for HCV along with INF alpha

231
Q

calcipotriene

A

vitamin D analog (also calcitriol and tacalcitol) used in psoriasis to promote differentiation and block proliferation of keratinocytes (sounds like vit A treatment of PML)

232
Q

ribavirin

A

anti-viral interferes with RNA synth - especially good for RSV in high risk patients, also HCV and others.

233
Q

demeclocycline

A

treatment for SIADH

234
Q

metyrapone

A

blocks the last step of cortisol synth

235
Q

fenoldopam

A

dopamine 1 receptor antagonist; IV arterial dilation for HTN; only iv drug to increase tissue perfusion

236
Q

isosorbide mononitrate

A

orally available nitrate (as opposed to dinitrate or nitroglycerin)

237
Q

primidone

A

pre-drug metabolized to phenobarbital and PEMA

238
Q

anastrozole

A

aromatase inhibitor (reduced estrogen from androgens)

239
Q

cilostazol, dipyridamole

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitor; block platelet aggregation and cause vasodilation; good for claudication, peripheral arterial disease

240
Q

class 3 antiarrhythmics

A

K channel block, prolong refractory period; dofelitide, sotolol, amiodarone, ibutilide

241
Q

omalizumab

A

highly effective IgE mab used for severe allergic asthma

USMLE (11 decks)

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