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USMLE > Anaerobic and Aerobic > Flashcards

Anaerobic and Aerobic Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus

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2
Q

Obligate aerobes produce

A

superoxide dismutase

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3
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Campylobacter, Helicobacter

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4
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Most bacteria –> respire aerobically then ferment or respire anaerobically when oxygen is depleted

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5
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacterioides, Clostridium –> ABCs of anerobiosis

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6
Q

G+ cocci

A

staph, strep

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7
Q

G+ aerobic rods

A

DALToN: corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium, nocardia

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8
Q

G+ anaerobic rods

A

CLAP: clostridium, lactobacillus, actinomyces, propionibacterium

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9
Q

G- aerobic cocci

A

moraxella, neisseria

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10
Q

G- aerobic rods

A

Pseudo and the ellas:

pseudomonas, brucella, franciscella, bordetella, legionella

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11
Q

G- helical/microaerophiles

A

campylobacter, helicobacter

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12
Q

G- F. anaerobic rods

A

enterbacteriaciae - diarrheals (shigella, salmonella, e coli, yersinia); utis (klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter, proteus, citrobacter)

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13
Q

G- spirochetes

A

borrellia, treponema, leptospira

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14
Q

G- rickettsiae

A

rickettsiae, coxiella, bartonella, ehrlichia

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15
Q

G- obligate anaerobic rods

A

bacteroides/prevotella, fusobacterium

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16
Q

Endospore bacteria

A

bacillus, clostridium

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17
Q

Capsules

A

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules: strep pneumo, klebsiella pneumo, h flu, pseudomonas, neisseria meningiditis, cryptococcus

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18
Q

Acid fasts

A

complete: mycobacterium, partial: nocardia, spores: crypto, isospora

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19
Q

catalase + coagulase +

A

staph aureus - yellow, beta hemolytic

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20
Q

catalase + coagulase - novobiocin sensitive

A

staph epidermidis

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21
Q

catalase + coagulase - novobiocin resistant

A

staph saphrophyticus

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22
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic optochin sensitive

A

strep pneumonia - non typeable, green, lancet

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23
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic optochin resistant

A

strep viridans - non typeable

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24
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic bacitracin sensitive

A

strep pyogenes - GAS, PYR+

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25
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic bacitracin resistant

A

strep agalactiae - GBS, hippurate, cAMP +

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26
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic NaCl sensitive

A

strep bovis - GDS, esculin +

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27
Q

catalase - alpha hemolytic NaCl resistant

A

enterococcus - GDS, PYR+, esculin +

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28
Q

Protein A

A

staph: inhibits phagocytosis - binds to Fc

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29
Q

Enterotoxins A-E

A

staph: heat stable 60 degrees for 10 minutes

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30
Q

TSST1

A

staph: reduces liver clearance of endotoxin, superantigen activates T helper cells non specifically

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31
Q

Coagulase

A

staph aureus: converts fibrinogen to fibrin clot

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32
Q

alpha toxin

A

staph: pore forming toxin

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33
Q

exfoliatin

A

staph: scalded skin

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34
Q

M protein

A

strep pyogenes

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35
Q

streptolysin O

A

immunogenic

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36
Q

streptolysin S

A

non-immunogenic

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37
Q

streptokinase

A

breaks down fibrin clot

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38
Q

streptococcal dnase

A

liquefies pus

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39
Q

exotoxins A-C

A

strep: phage coded, scarlet fever, superantigens

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40
Q

GAS M12

A

acute glomerulonephritis (type III HS)

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41
Q

significant ASO titer

A

> 200

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42
Q

rapid strep test misses ____ %

A

25%

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43
Q

tx of GBS

A

amp + gent/cefotaxime

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44
Q

lancet shaped diplococci

A

strep pneumo

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45
Q

quellung reaction

A

swelling of capsule with type specific antiserum in strep

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46
Q

dx of strep meningitis

A

latex agglutination

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47
Q

pneumolysin o

A

strep pneumo - damages resp epithelium

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48
Q

rusty sputum

A

strep pneumo

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49
Q

adult meningitis - most common cause

A

strep pneumo

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50
Q

OM, sinusitis in children - most common cause

A

strep pneumo

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51
Q

non motile spore forming organisms

A

c perfringens, bacillus anthracis

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52
Q

polysaccharide capsule

A

capsulated organisms except B anthracis - poly D glutamate

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53
Q

safranin pink

A

G -

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54
Q

acetone colorless

A

G-

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55
Q

g+ boxcar

A

bacillus anthracis - spore forming, polypeptide (poly-d-glutamate)

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56
Q

Tx anthrax

A

cipro/doxy

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57
Q

tumbling motility

A

listeria

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58
Q

actin jet

A

listeria, shigella

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59
Q

facultative intracellular; cold growth

A

listeria

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60
Q

Tx listeria

A

amp +/- gent

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61
Q

club shaped rod

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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62
Q

V/L shapes on tellurite

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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63
Q

gray pseudomembrane

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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64
Q

bull neck + recurrent laryngeal palsy + myocarditis

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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65
Q

elek test

A

toxin test for corynebacterium diptheriae - toxin moves away from growth

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66
Q

Tx corynebacterium diptheriae

A

erythromycin + antitoxin

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67
Q

G+ long branching filaments

A

actinomyces

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68
Q

draining abscesses with sulfur granules

A

actinomyces

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69
Q

IUD infection

A

actinomyces israelii

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70
Q

G+ branching rod solitary brain abscess

A

actinomyces

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71
Q

Tx actinomyces

A

amp or penicillin + surgical drainage

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72
Q

G+ branching rod partially acid fast

A

nocardia

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73
Q

tx nocardia

A

sulfonamide or bactrim

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74
Q

waxy cell wall

A

mycobacterium

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75
Q

UV sensitive

A

mycobacterium

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76
Q

produces niacin

A

mycobacterium

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77
Q

auramine rhodamine staining

A

mycobacterium - fluorescent apple green

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78
Q

heat sensitive catalase

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis –> catalase negative at standard test temperature

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79
Q

serpentine growth

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis cord factor - inhibits leukocyte migration; disrupts oxphos, resp

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80
Q

sulfatide

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis - inhibits phagosome-lysosomal fusion allowing intracellular fusion

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81
Q

+ PPD in HIV

A

> 5mm

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82
Q

+ PPD in lowrisk population

A

> 15mm

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83
Q

+ PPD in high risk population

A

> 10 mm

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84
Q

tx TB

A

INH + rifampin + pyrazinamide = 2 months then INH + rifampin = 4 months

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85
Q

tx drug resistant TB

A

add ethambutol or streptomycin

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86
Q

Runyon negative

A

MAI - non chromogen

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87
Q

Runyon positive

A

M. scrofulaceum - scotochromogen

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88
Q

Runyon light +

A

M. kansasii - photochromogen

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89
Q

MAI ppx CD count

A

75

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90
Q

Mycobacterial lymphadenitis

A

M scrofulaceum

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91
Q

acid fast rods in punch biospy

A

M leprae

92
Q

lepromin +

A

M leprae - tuberculoid (TH1)

93
Q

Leprosy: strong cell-mediated response; granuloma, loss of sensation, few lesions, macular

A

tuberculoid - th1

94
Q

Leprosy: poor cell mediated response, foam cells, bacterial overgrowth, loss of sensation, numerous nodular lesions, leonine facies, loss of septum

A

lepromatous - th2

95
Q

Leprosy ppx for contacts

A

dapsone

96
Q

tetanus prone wounds

A

> 6 hours old, blunt/missile, burn, frostbite, 1cm deep, devitalized tissue, contaminants

97
Q

tx of nonprone tetanus wounds

A

vaccine if more than 10 years since booster

98
Q

tx of prone tetanus wounds

A

vaccine if more than 5 years since booster

99
Q

prophage coded heat labile toxin

A

c. botulinum

100
Q

tx of foodborne botulism

A

respiratory support; polyvalent antitoxin

101
Q

tx of baby botulism

A

baby big; respiratory support

102
Q

tx of wound botulism

A

amoxicillin and antitoxin; respiratory support

103
Q

stormy fermentation in milk media

A

c perfringens

104
Q

non motile g+ spore forming rods

A

c perfringens

105
Q

lecithinase

A

c perfringens alpha toxin

106
Q

Naegler’s reaction

A

egg yolk agar plate with anti-alpha toxin –> activity noted on side with no antitoxin

107
Q

Tx of c perfringens

A

debridement, delayed closure, clinda + penicillin, hyperbaric

108
Q

beta lactamase producing neisseria

A

gonorrheae

109
Q

G- kidney bean diplococci

A

neisseria

110
Q

latex particle agglutination of CSF

A

neisseria mening.

111
Q

ppx of neisseria contacts

A

rifampin

112
Q

tx of neisseria mening

A

penicillin or ceftriaxone

113
Q

G - intracellular diploccoci

A

neisseria gonorrhea

114
Q

Tx neisseria gon.

A

ceftriaxone + tetracycline (chlamydia)

115
Q

G- oxidase + rod

A

pseudomonas

116
Q

pyocyanin and fluorescein

A

pseudomonas

117
Q

grape like odor

A

pseudomonas

118
Q

slime layer

A

pseudomonas

119
Q

non lactose fermenting on EMB or MacConkey

A

pseudomonas

120
Q

weakly G- pleomorphic rod

A

legionella - needs cystein and iron

121
Q

dx of legionella

A

DFA on biopsy, + on dieterle silver stain; antigen urine test for serogroup 1 only

122
Q

2 presentations of legionella

A

legionnaires and pontiac fever (pneumonitis)

123
Q

Bordetella media

A

Regan-lowe or bordet gengou

124
Q

pertussis vaccine immunity lasts

A

5-10 years IgA

125
Q

3 stages of pertussis

A

catarrhal ( cold symptoms); paroxysmal (+ cough, whoops, vomiting, anoxia, eye hemorrhage); convalescence (- cough + pneumonia, seizure, encephalopathy)

126
Q

G- intracellular rod with hazardous culture

A

Franciscella, brucella

127
Q

Dermacentor

A

Franciscella - ulcerogalndular disease with fever, ulcer, regional nodes

128
Q

ingestion of infected rabbit

A

typhoidal tularemia

129
Q

skinning rabbits

A

pneumonia (air) + ulceroglandular (skin)

130
Q

worst tularemia states

A

arkansas and missouri

131
Q

tx of francisella

A

streptomycin

132
Q

goats, cattle, pigs

A

brucella

133
Q

clinical syndromes of brucellosis

A

septicemia: acute evening fever, myalgias, sweating, hepatomegaly
undulant: milder
chronic: >1year, cyclic depression and sweating in veterinarians

134
Q

G- curved rod with polar flagella

A

campylobacter - microaerophilic,

vibrio

135
Q

gulls wings

A

campylobacter

136
Q

campylobacter medium

A

campys or skirrows

137
Q

tx campylobacter

A

erythromycin or fluoroquinolone

138
Q

G - spiral rod with flagella

A

helicobacter

139
Q

helicobacter medium

A

campy or skirrows

140
Q

G- gastric rod urease +

A

helicobacter

141
Q

G - gastric rod mucinase +

A

helicobacter

142
Q

Tx helicobacter

A

omeprazole + amoxi + clarithro

143
Q

lactose fermenters

A

CEEK - citrobacter, ecoli, enterobacter, klebsiella

144
Q

Nonlactose fermenters

A

ShYPS (colorless colonies) - shigella, yersinia, proteus, salmonella

145
Q

nonmotile non lactose fermenter

A

shigella, yersinia

146
Q

motile non lactose fermenter

A

proteus, proteus

147
Q

non lactose fermenter non H2S producer

A

yersinia, shigella

148
Q

non lactose fermenter, H2S producer

A

salmonella, proteus

149
Q

slow lactose fermenter

A

serratia

150
Q

salmon red pigment

A

serratia

151
Q

green sheen on EMB

A

ecoli

152
Q

P pili

A

ecoli - pyleo associated pili

153
Q

Tx ecoli

A

amp or bactrim

154
Q

K1

A

ecoli subtype causing neonatal sepsis –> has capsule

155
Q

Ecoli colorless on sorbitol MacConkey

A

EHEC

156
Q

colonizing factor adhesins

A

ETEC

157
Q

ecoli adherence factor

A

EPEC –> prolonged diarrhea 2/2 rearrangement of actin/effacement of microvilli via attachment to M cells

158
Q

verotoxin

A

shigalike 1 and 2 nick 60s

159
Q

fimbriae

A

EaggEC- enteroaggregative - persistent diarrhea

160
Q

G- rod with major capsule

A

klebsiella

161
Q

mucoid, lactose fermenter on macconkey

A

klebsiella

162
Q

most common pneumonia in alcoholics

A

strep pneumo

163
Q

currant jelly sputum

A

klebsiella

164
Q

vi capsule

A

salmonella typhi - escapes complement

165
Q

salmonella predispositions

A

decreased stomach acid, no monos as in sickle cell

166
Q

ruffled cell membranes

A

salmonella

167
Q

rose spots

A

salmonella - on trunk and abdomen

168
Q

ileocecal diarrhea

A

typhoid fever- salmonella typhi

169
Q

necrosis of peyers patches with perforation

A

typhoid fever

170
Q

widal test

A

s. typhi - antibodies to o (outer capsule), vi (capsule), and h (flagella) antigens

171
Q

G- rod bipolar staining

A

yersinia

172
Q

V and W antigens

A

yersinia

173
Q

bubonic plague

A

yersinia - fever, buboes, conjunctivitis

174
Q

pneumonic plague

A

yersinia - pulmonary emboli in bubonic plague, or inhalation

175
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

proteus

176
Q

G- rod urease +

A

proteus

177
Q

elevated urine ph causing staghorn stones

A

urease 2/2 proteus

178
Q

cholera biotypes

A

O1: el tor, cholerae

O139

179
Q

shooting star motility

A

vibrio

180
Q

vibrio different than enterobacteraecia

A

it is oxidase positive; alkaline but not acidic media

181
Q

oysters

A

vibrio vulnificus

182
Q

tx of pasteurella

A

amox/clavulanate

183
Q

G- pleomorphic rod + capsule

A

haemophilus

184
Q

satellite phenomenon

A

haemophilus grows near s. aureus

185
Q

H flu vaccine is T cell dependent/independent

A

dependent

186
Q

culture in 1 syphilis

A

none –> only microscopy

187
Q

lyme arthritis type HS

A

3 - immune complex

188
Q

spirochetes with tight terminal hooks

A

leptospira

189
Q

spirochete can be cultured

A

leptospira, borrelia but not treponema

190
Q

transmission of leptospira

A

animal urine in water - sewer workers and jet ski

191
Q

ice tongs

A

leptospira

192
Q

no muramic acid

A

chlamydia: modified peptidoglycan

193
Q

no peptidoglycan

A

mycoplasma

194
Q

no atp

A

chlamydia

195
Q

weil felix

A

dx of ricketssia –>but cross reacts with OX strain of Proteus vulgaris

196
Q

centripetal rash

A

rmsf

197
Q

q fever

A

sheep: coxiella

198
Q

____ animals have high titers of coxiella

A

pregnant

199
Q

febrile pneumonia with hepatitis without rash

A

coxiella

200
Q

mulberry like structures in infected cells

A

ehrlichia

201
Q

cells infected by ehrlichia

A

monocytes and macrophages

202
Q

elementary body/reticulate body

A

chlamydia

203
Q

genital elephantiasis

A

lymphogranuloma venereum - chlamydia

204
Q

dx of chlamydia

A

cytoplasmic inclusions on giemsa, iodine, fluorescent-antibody stained smear or scrapings

205
Q

turkeys

A

chlamydia psittaci

206
Q

pneumonia with hepatitis with a bad xray

A

chlamydia psittaci

207
Q

smallest free living bacteria

A

mycoplasma

208
Q

sterols in membrane

A

mycoplasma but does not synthesize cholesterol

209
Q

P1 protein

A

mycoplasma - attaches to resp epithelium, inhibits ciliary action

210
Q

fried egg colonies

A

mycoplasma

211
Q

mycoplasma media

A

eatons, mycoplasma

212
Q

urease

A

helicobacter, proteus, mycoplasma

213
Q

low oxidation reduction medium

A

clostridium

214
Q

ecthyma gangrenosum

A

immunocompromised with pseudomonas = target shaped necrotic/eschar with erythematous margin

215
Q

comma shape

A

campy (@42deg) or cholera

216
Q

sickle cell osteo

A

salmonella

217
Q

diabetic/iv osteo

A

pseudomonas, serratia

218
Q

vertebral osteo

A

tb - potts disease

219
Q

leukocyte esterase + uti

A

bacterial uti

220
Q

nitrite positive uti

A

gram negative

221
Q

red pigment uti

A

serratia

222
Q

swarming on agar uti

A

proteus - motile

223
Q

pda + cataracts + blueberry muffin rash

A

rubella

224
Q

sandpaper rash

A

strep pyogenes scarlet fever

225
Q

slapped cheek

A

parvo b19

USMLE (11 decks)

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