Drugs Flashcards
4-Methylpyrazole
antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity
Acepromazine
SE: Causes hypotension in horses, causes splenic enlargement and sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen.
phenothiazine sedative, negligible analgesic effects
Giant breeds/sight hounds overly sensitive
Acetaminophen
synthetic non-opiate analgesic occasionally used as an oral sedative for dogs
SE: hepatotoxic in cats
Acetozolamide
used to treat metabolic alkalosis or glaucoma (effect on aqueous humor production). Diuretic
Adriamycin
Doxorubicin
chemotherapeutic drug;
SE: Cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and GI side effects.
Afoxalaner (Nexguard)
flea medication - contains adulticide, can be used in conjunction with ivermectin
Allopurinol
uric acid reducer in dogs, cats, and birds and as an alternative treat Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis
Use with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction
SE: gastric effects, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic
treatment for gout in bird
Alprazolam
(Xanax) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative
Caution with hepatic or renal disease
SE: sedation, behavior changes, and contradictory response, physical dependence is possible, may impede training.
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic - good against predominantly gram-negative aerobic bacilli
SE: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade
Aminocaproic acid
facilitates clot stabilization by blocking the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, inhibiting fibrinolysis
Contraindicated for DIC, expensive in large dogs
Amitraz (Mitaban)
only FDA approved treatment for Demodex canis. Mitaban is used as a dip and should be administered in a hospital. Mitaban can be difficult to obtain and application is time-consuming when there are other treatment options that can be similarly effective although used “off-label”
Mitaban should be used cautiously in animals with skin lesions since more system absorption of Mitaban will occur which increases the likelihood of toxic effects.
Toxic to cats and rabbits
Amitriptyline
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
- has been used in cats with cystitis know to flare up with stress but has no direct effect on spasms in the urethra
Amlodipine
To treat of choice for systemic hypertension in cats and dogs
Calcium channel blocker works by preventing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby causing vasodilation.
Amoxicillin
effective against gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus. It is absorbed orally and can be administered in water to birds with susceptible bacterial infections
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with same spectrum as ampicillin (ineffective against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase
Amphotericin
Systemic antifungal used for serious mycotic infections
SE: nephrotoxic in dogs
Ampicillin
if given orally in rabbits can precipitate Clostridial enterotoxemia
bacterial aminopenicillin with same spectrum as amoxicillin (ineffective against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase)
Food in stomach causes reduced absorption
Amprolium
Can be used to treat of prevent coccidiosis
zero withdrawal time
Thiamine analog antiprotozoal (coccidia)
Prolonged high doses can cause thiamine deficiency
SE: occasional GI or neuro effects
Apraclonidine
eye drops used to test for Horners Syndrome -> reversal of anisocoria
alpha 2 adrenergic agonist used to reduce aqueous humor secretion.
Atenolol
beta-blocker, reduces heart rate, LV contractility, and also reduces myocardial oxygen demands.
ex. cat with HCM especially is outflow obstruction exists.
ex. treatment of atrial fibrillation - will slow AV nodal conduction to decrease the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation.
Atipamezole
Medetomidine or xylazine reversal agent
Alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist
Atracurium
non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that acts by competitively binding to cholinergic receptors at the motor endplate.
More potent in horses, contraindicate in dogs with myasthenia gravis (hypersensitive)
Atropine
Prototype antimuscarinic agent used for a variety of indication (bradycardia, premed, antidote, etc.)
Contraindicated in cats with feline asthma - thickens bronchial secretions and encourages mucous plugging of airway (beta blocker = bronchoconstrictor)
- decreases salivary secretions facilitating intubation in cats
Azathioprine
SE: bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, acute pancreatitis (not nephrotoxic)
purine antagonist immunosuppressive agent that can be used to treat unresponsive IBD in dogs, but not cats.
Bacitracin
Component of triple antibiotic Neosporin
Used in poultry
Narrow spectrum: Streptococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes.
Betamethasone valerate
injectable and topical glucocorticoid
Long-acting, 25x more potent than hydrocortisone, no mineralocorticoid activity
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
Used to treat diarrhea and as a component of”triple therapy” for Helicobacter GI infections
SE: can cause feces to darken and look like melena when given orally. Forms bismuth sulfide in the colon, which is a very dark compound that makes feces black and can lead to the misdiagnosis of melena.
Bromocriptine
dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor used in dogs for pregnancy termination or pseudopregnancy, in horses for pituitary adenomas
SE: GI, CNS depression, hypotension
Budesonide
corticosteroid: used to treat IBR in cats
Budesonide concentrates its effect in the gastrointestinal tract, thus fewer system side effects as compared to prednisolone
Buprenorphine
partial mu agonist, kappa antagonist
buccal administration in cats
Butorphanol
Partial mu antagonist, kappa agonist.
Can be used to reverse oxymorphone
Cabergoline
ergot-derived dopamine agonist
Useful for inducing/synchronizing estrus in dogs and as an abortifacient in dogs or cats
Calcium gluconate
used to treat hyperkalemia by antagonizing the effects of elevated serum potassium on the myocardium, it does nothing to lower serum potassium. Its action is targeted at keeping the myocardial tissue normally excitable so the heart rhythm does not develop a life-threatening bradycardia as seen with untreated hyperkalemia
Carbimazole
used outside of US and Canada for treatment of feline hyperthyroidism
SE: hypersensitivity
CCNU (Lomustine)
Antineoplastic usually used for CNS neoplasms, mast cell tumors or as a rescue agent for lymphosarcoma in dogs
and cats
Several risks and side effects
Cefpodoxime
Oral 3rd generation cephalosporin that may be useful in dogs or cats(off license), often for skin disease
SE: hypersensitivity
Ceftiofur
4 day withdrawal time in meat
3rd generation cephalosporin
SE: hypersensitivity reaction, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, or diarrhea
ex. bovine respiratory disease
Cephalexin
first generation cephalosporin
Chloramphenicol
not licensed for use in food animals
Caused aplastic anemia in humans; very cautious when handling
Broad spectrum antibiotic: hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic (especially in cats)
Chlorhexidine
A topical drug implicated in ototoxicity and peripheral vestibular disease.
Cimetidine
Prototype histamine-2 blocker used to reduce GI acid production (newer agents may be more effective)
SE: hypersensitivity, caution in geriatric patients, hepatic or renal insufficiency
Cisapride
Oral GI prokinetic agent, used in several species for GI stasis, reflux esophagitis, and constipation/megacolon (cats)
SE: hypersensitivity, GI perforation/obstruction, hemorrhage - effects appear to be minimal in cats
Cisplatin
Platinum antineoplastic agent used for a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas’ palliative control of neoplastic pulmonary effusions with intracavitary administration
SE: fatal pulmonary edema in cats, nephrotoxicity
Clavamox
A broad spectrum antibacterial - amoxiclav
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor that expands spectrum. Not effective against pseudomonas or enterobacter
Clomipramine
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
SE: vomiting, constipation, anorexia, can affect testicular size/function
Clorazepate
(Tranxene) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant in dogs and cats
Use extreme caution in aggress (especially fear aggressive) animals
SE: sedative and ataxia
Clotrimozole
anti-fungal otic solution
Cyclophosphamide
antineoplastic/immunosuppressive used in cats and dogs
SE: in dog - sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (due to breakdown product of the drug called acrolein), myelosuppression and GI side effects. Encourage animals to drink a lot of water and urinate frequently. Alopecia in poodle and sheep dog
Desmopressin
Used to pretreat animals with Von Willebrands before surgery
synthetic vasopressin analogue used to treat diabetes insipidus and Von Willebrands
Detomidine
alpha 2 sedative-analgesic used primarily in horses
ma respond (i.e. kick) to external stimuli)
Initial BP increase, then bradycardia/heart block
Dexmedetomidine
an alpha-2 agonist drug used for sedation; it is the S-enantiomer of medetomidine
Diazepam
calcium channel blocker and can be used to slow AV nodal conduction and ventricular response rate
SE: in cat: repeat oral diazepam has been linked to idiosyncratic fulminant hepatic necrosis in some cats due to first pass metabolism
Benzodiazepine sedative that can effectively cause appetite stimulation in cats. Best administered IV to achieve effect.
Diethylstilbestrol
Used to treat urinary incontinence in dog - synthetic estrogen used in dogs primarily for estrogen responsive incontinence and other estrogen indications (prostatic hypertrophy, estrus induction, etc.)
Prohibited for use in food animals
SE: of bone marrow suppression in the incontinent bitch,
Digoxin
cardiac glycoside will increase vagal tone to the AV node to slow conduction and decrease the heart rate
used to slow atrioventricular conduction is the setting of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias or for systolic dysfunction.
Diltiazem
Slows the heart by inhibiting influx of calcium into myocardial cells
used to treat supraventricular tachycardias to slow down the AV node
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Antihistamine used primarily for its antihistamine effects, but with various indications (prevent motion sickness, sedative, antiemetic, etc.)
SE: CNS depression and anticholinergic effects, GIT but less common
Dobutamine
Parenteral, rapid acting inotropic agent for short-term treatment of heart failure. It is also useful in shock patients when fluid therapy alone has not restored acceptable arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or tissue perfusion.
SE: ectopic beats, increased HR, increased BP, chest pain.
Dopamine
Catecholamine; at high doses is used as an alpha agonist to increase peripheral resistance and increases arterial blood pressure
at lower doses dilates the renal, mesenteric, coronary, and intracerebral vascular beds; at higher doses, system peripheral resistance is increased and hypotension treated.
Doxapram
CNS/respiratory stimulant used to stimulate respiration in newborns or after anesthesia
Doxorubicin (Adriamycis)
Injectable antibiotic antineoplastic widely used alone or in combination for small animals
Chemotherapeutic drug, causes tissue necrosis if extravascular injection - cold compress to reduce spread in case of occurance
SE: cardiotoxic (Doberman, Boxer, Rottweiler, Great Danes), pancreatitis,
SE: renal toxicity (in cat)
Doxycycline
tetracycline antibiotic, longer half-life than other tetracyclines, efficacious treatment fo Lyme disease in people.
SE: can result in delayed bone growth and discoloration of the teeth in young growing animals and is thus contraindicated.
Droncit
Primarily for cestodes (tapeworms)
Enalapril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used as a vasodilator, antihypertensive agents, and heart failure treatment. It works by conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus reducing aldosterone concentrations and causing diuresis. It dilatory effects on the efferent arterioles of glomeruli help to palliate protein-losing nephropathies. It is often used in conjunction with diuretics.
used to treat protein-losing nephropathy
Enrofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic - bactericidal
Safest antibiotic in guinea pigs
Epinephrine
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist agent used systemically for treating anaphylaxis and cardiac resuscitation
Erythromycin
Macrolide antibiotic; also used as a prokinetic agent
do not give to rabbits, gerbils, guinea pigs and hamsters - gram + creates problems with gut flora
Famotidine (pepcid)
gastro-protectant used to raise the pH of the stomach
Fenbendazole
Anthelmintic useful for a variety of parasites in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, swine. etc.
Ascarids, hookworms, and tapeworms in dogs
strongyles and pinworms in horses
Finquel (tricaine methanesulfonate - MS-222)
only FDA approves agent for fish anesthesia. Mandatory 21-day withdrawal period
Fipronil
GABA-regulated chloride channel inhibitor used for fleas and ticks in dogs or cats
Flea medication; toxic to rabbits, kittens, and puppies
Florfenicol
Broad spectrum antibiotic approved for use in cattle
do not use in dairy cow >20 months, 28 day withdrawal IM, 38 SC
for interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle
Fluconazole
Mallsezia dermatitis
Antifungal particularly useful for CNS infections
SE: nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic
Flumazenil
Benzodiazepine antagonist to reverse either OD’s or therapeutic effects
Fluoxetine
(Prozac) anti-depressant and SSRI that can be used to treat cats for anxiety related disorders at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg orally once daily
Furosaminde
loop diuretic used in the treatment of heart failure
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic good activity against a variety of bacteria, predominantly gram-negative aerobic bacilli
SE: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade
toxic to birds
Griseofulvin
fungistatic antibiotic used primarily for ringworm and other dermatophytic infections, no effect on other fungi
Guaifenesin
central acting muscle relaxant
SE: mild hypotensive effect and increase in cardiac rate
Acts centrally by blocking nerve impulse transmission at the internuncial neuron level in the subcortical brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Should be careful not to give too much because early signs of toxicity are in the form of increased rigidity -> if overdosed can cause respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Haloperidol
dopamine antagonist - antipsychotic
Halothane
Hypermetabolic reaction, use when treating malignant hyperthermia
Isoproterenol
non-specific beta receptor agonist and will increase the ventricular rate in response to atrial fibrillation
rarely used, for acute bronchial constriction, cardiac arrhythmias (complete AV block) and as adjunctive therapy in shock or heart failure.
itraconazole
antifungal - ringworm in cat, systemic mycoses, including aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis
SE - in dogs: ulcerative skin lesions (7% when being used at higher dose), anorexia, hepatic toxicity
Ivermectin
prototype avermectin as an anti-parasiticide
Caution in collie breeds
SE: neuro signs in turtles - toxic
Can be used “off-label” to treat Demodex canis
KBr therapy
for epileptic dog - SE: sedation
SE: linked to severe lower respiratory symptoms if pneumonia in approximately 35% of cats.
Ketamine
Dissociative anesthetic
SE: causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, associated with seizures in epileptic dogs.
It is considered seizureogenic and has poor muscle relaxation effects, however it provides good analgesia.
Ketoconazole
antifungal sometimes used for Candida infections, malassezia
SE: hepatotoxic and will cause elevated liver enzymes that should be monitored closely. It is a potent inhibitory to P450 enzyme and can significantly affect metabolism of other drugs.It can cause adrenal insufficiency and actually is sometimes used as an alternative treatment for Cushing’s. Anorexia is a common and important side effect, especially in cats.
L-asparaginase
SE: pancreatitis and anaphylaxis - protein enzyme and therefore may elicit an immune response. Anaphylaxis is rare but usually would occur only after a patient had received a prior dose and developed antibodies to it.
As a medication it is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Lactulose
causes decreased colonic pH, preventing ammonia absorption to treat hepatic encephalopathy
Also, acts as a cathartic and causes decreased intestinal transit time, it prevents ammonia formation through a process known as catabolite repression, and it is a carbohydrate source which can be used by colonic flora as an alternative to protein, preventing ammonia formation.
laxative
Lente Insulin
8-20 hour duration, intermediate acting insulin
Lidocaine
Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent: reversible blockade of sodium channels, preventing propagation of an action potential along the nerve fiber. Sensory nerves blocked before motor allowing selective sensory block at low dose Class 1b anti arrhythmic actions, decrease rate of ventricular firing, action potential duration and absolute refractory period and increase relative refractory period
4 day meat withdrawal
Lomustine
Antineoplastic usually used for CNS neoplasms, mast cell tumors or as a rescue agent for lymphosarcoma
SE: hepatotoxicity
Lufenuron
flea medication; insect growth regulator only for cats and dogs
Mannitol
osmotic diuretic used to acute oliguric renal failure, reduce intraocular and intracerebral pressures, enhance urinary excretion of some toxins and with other diuretics to rapidly reduce edema of ascites
Maropitant
anti-emetic
Medetomidine
alpha 2 adrenergic sedative analgesic used primarily in dogs and cats, but also in exotics.
SE: bradycardia, occasional AV blocks, decreased respiration, hypothermia
Melatonin
pineal gland hormone
treatment for Alopecia X, behavior disorders in cat/dog, adjust seasonally controlled fertility, and adjunctive treatment for adrenal disease in ferrets
Meloxicam
NSAID COX-2 preferential
SE: in cat - linked to idiosyncratic renal failure when given in multiple doses in some cats
15 day meat withdrawal in cattle
Methimazole
Treatment for hyperthyroidism in cat,
SE: facial pruritis leading to self-induced excoriation
Methocarbamol
Treatment for strychnine toxicity (snail bait)
central acting muscle relaxant
SE: sedation, salivation, emesis, lethargy, weakness and ataxia
Metoclopramide
Stimulated upper GIT motility and has antiemetic properties
SE: changes in behavior, constipation
Metronidazole
primarily for anaerobes, also used as antiprotozoal (giardia)
useful in birds against anaerobic infections such as Clostridium and some protozoa such as Trichomonas, Giardia, and Cholosoma
Mexiletine
oral class I antiarrhythmic drug that is well tolerated in dogs - used if frequent ventricular ectopy is seen, particularly with runs or R-on-T episodes.
Milbemycin
otic solution for ear mites, heartworm prophylaxis
Can be used “off-label” to treat Demodex canis
Mirtazapine
an atypical antidepressant with noradrenergic and specific serotonergic activity
Misoprostol
prostaglandin E1 analog for treating or preventing gastric ulcers especially associates with NSAIDs; may also be used as an abortifacient, treat atopy, or cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity
Mitotane
Adrenal cytotoxic agent used for the medical treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Mometasone
glucocorticoid or corticosteroid used topically to reduce inflammation of the skin or in the airways
Monensin
a polyether antibiotic from the group of carboxylic ionophores produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis
Monensin is used extensively in the beef and dairy industries to prevent coccidiosis, increase the production of propionic acid and prevent bloat.[9] Furthermore, monensin, but also its derivatives monensin methyl ester (MME), and particularly monensin decyl ester (MDE) are widely used in ion-selective electrodes
Morphine
full mu agonist
causes significant histamine release (do not use in patient with mast cell tumor)
SE: bradycardia
Naloxone
Used to reverse oxymorphone
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic used orally (gut “sterilization”) or in topical formulations
Poor GI absorption in feline GIT - like most aminoglycosides
Most nephrotoxic to horses of the amioglycosides
Nicarbazin
coccidiostat used on meat chickens. It is also used as a contraceptive for population control of Canada geese and feral pigeons
4 day withdrawal time
Nitazoxanide
Has activity against a variety of protozoa, nematodes, bacteria and trematodes (including giardia)
Approved for use in horses (EPM) and humans (Giardia and Cryptosporidia)
Nitroglycerin paste
venodilator, anti-hypertensive, used for congestive heart failure
Nitroprusside
vascular, smooth muscle relaxant used for acute/severe hypertension, acute heart failure secondary to mitral regurgitation and in combo with dopamine for refractory congestive heart failure
SE: hypotensive effects
Nitrous oxide
Moves into closed gas spaces so not suitable for use in surgeries involving the GIT
NPH insulin
Isophane insulin,
Omeprazole
proton pump inhibitor used to GI ulcers and erosions
Op’-DDD (mitotane or lysodren)
Adrenal cytotoxic agent used for medical treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Oxacillis
used to test for methicillin resistance on culture and sensitivity
oral and intramammary isoxazolyl (anti-staphylococcal) penicillin
Oxymorphone
full mu agonist
reversed with Naloxone
Butorphanol can also be used to reverse mu agonists like oxymorphone.
SE: respiratory depression and bradycardia
Oxytetracycline (LA200)
28 day meat withdrawal time
tetracycline antibiotic, many bacteria are now resistant, may still be very useful tot treat mycoplasma, rickettsia, spirochetes, and Chlamydia
birds: poorly absorbed orally and is given intramuscularly although is can cause irritation/necrosis at injection sites
Penicillin
Not safe in Guinea Pigs
Penicillin G
prototypical penicillin agent used for susceptible gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes
10 day meat withdrawal time
Permethrin
flea medication: repellent and adulticide but is toxic to cats
Phenobarbitol
barbiturate used primarily as an antiseizure medication; also used as a sedative agent, give IV SLOWLY
broken down in the liver
Phenothiazine
Cause sedation, but do not provide analgesia, decrease sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias.
SE: of hypotension in dogs, may decrease hematocrit due to splenic sequestration of red blood cells
Phenylephrine
alpha-adrenergic used parenterally to treat hypotension without cardiostimulation
SE: hypertension, serious injuries if extra-vascular
Phenylpropanolamine
sympathomimetic used to treat urinary incontinence from urethral hypotonicity most often in dogs
Phenoxybenzamine
can be used to reduce internal urethral sphincter tone such that a cat may urinate more easily (use post obstruction or urinary catheter placement resulting in hypertonicity of urethral muscle) in cat
Pimobenden
Oral drug that may be useful in treatment of congestive heart failure in dogs secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic mitral valve insufficiency
SE: may increase risk of arrhythmias
Piroxicam
NSAID with anti-inflammatory and antitumor (indirect) activity
SE: GI ulceration and bleeding, renal papillary necrosis, and peritonitis
Polymyxin B
antibiotic primarily used for resistant Gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa
protects horses against endotoxaemia
Ponazuril
Equine approved triazine for treating EPM
Potassium bromide (KBr)
anti-epileptic medication
Pradofloxacin
Bone marrow suppression in dogs
3rd generation enhanced spectrum veterinary antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class
Praziquantel
Anticestodal anthelmintic also may be useful for other parasites (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia)
Prednisone
Classic glucocorticoids used for many conditions in many species. Antiinflammatory activity is 4x more potent than hydrocortisone; has some mineralocorticoid activity
Procainamide
call 1A anti-arrhythmic primarily used for treatment of ventricular premature complexes, ventricular tachycardia, and can be used in attempts to convert atrial fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm, though it is rarely effective.
Efficacy questionable in dogs
Propofol
rapid-acting anesthetic agent often used to induction of anesthesia
Does not result in any significant cardiac changes. Ultra-short in duration, can cause apnea and myoclonus, and is considered anticonvulsive. It may cause a mild bradycardia but you mainly see that when used in combination with other opiates. Recently ben associated with myocardial depression and hypotension in critically ill dogs
Propranolol
non-specific beta blocker primarily used in vet med as an antiarrhythmic agent
SE: bradycardia, impaired AV conduction, hypotension, worsen congestive heart failure, syncope, bronchoconstriction
Psyllium
For horses with sand colic, laxative with the ability to bind sand and to increase stool consistency in patients with chronic, watery diarrhea
Pyrantel
Pyrimidine anthelmintic used primarily for ascarids in a variety of species
Pyridostigmine
Anticholinesterase used for the treatment of Myasthenia gravis
Pyrimethamine
Folic acid inhibitor used primarily (in combination) for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, and EPM
Pyriproxyfen
flea medication; insect growth regulator only
PZI Insulin
Protamine zinc suspension; variable duration
Ranitidine
H2 receptor antagonist similar to cimetidine, but fewer drug interactions. Used to reduce output in stomach; also has prokinetic activity. Used to treat or prevent erosive gastritis, gastric, abomasal and duodenal ulcers, uremic gastritis, esophagitis, gastric reflux, etc.
Regular Insulin
shortest lasting, most potent form
Revolution
For fleas, heartworm, hookworms, roundworms, and ear mites
Robenidine
antibiotic used for the control of coccidiosis, a debilitating protozoal infection in poultry
5 day withdrawal period
Romifidine
a sedative mainly in large animals such as horses, although it may be used in a wide variety of species
alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist
Sodium levothyroxine
Synthetic T-4 Used to treat hypothyroidism
Spinosad
flea medication; should never be used with extra-label doses of Ivermectin
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist used as a potassium-sparing diuretic or for adjunctive treatment for heart failure
SE: hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and dehydration
Streptomycin
Toxic in Guinea Pigs
Least nephrotoxic to horses of the aminoglycosides
Strongid
Primarily for roundworms, hookworms, and ear mites
Succinylcholine
depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
Sucralfate
Locally-acting treatment for GI ulcers; may also be protective
sulfadiazine
folate inhibitor - antimicrobial agent - bacteriostatic agent
Sulfadimethoxine
5 day withdrawal time
7 day meat withdrawal time
Anti-arasitic agent used to treat the coccidia parasites (ex. Isospora in cats)
Sulfaquinoxaline
Coccidiosis
10 day withdrawal time
Sulfasalazine
Sulfa analog that has GI antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity; used for inflammatory bowel disease.
SE: keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dog
Tamoxifen
estrogen antagonist and has been associated with causing pyometra in dogs
Temozolomide (Temodar)
dog - an oral chemotherapy drug. It is an alkylating agent used as a treatment of some brain cancers; as a second-line treatment for astrocytoma and a first-line treatment for glioblastoma multiforme
Terbinafine
antifungal used to treat Aspergillus and dermatophytes in birds; can be used to treat Malassezia and dermatophytosis in dogs and cats
Terbutaline
Feline asthma
beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator and sometimes used to treat bradyarrhythmias
SE: increased HR and excitation
Testosterone
testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in neutered male dogs and cats
Used in bovine medicine to produce a heat detecting animal
Thiabendazole
Benzimidazole anthelmintic; also has antifungal (dermatophytes) action
Parasitic resistance is an issue
Thiopental
ultra-short fast acting thiobarbiturate that causes an increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and decreased cardiac contractility. It is also an arrhythmogenic agent. Induces splenic engorgement; thus making surgical manipulation and removal of the spleen more difficult.
Theophylline
Bronchodilator drug with diuretic activity; used for bronchospasm and cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Narrow therapeutic index
Tobramycin
Topical - aminoglycoside effective against most gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas (most common cause of bacterial keratitis)
SE: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
Toceranib phosphate
(Palladia) - first FDA-approved treatment for neoplams in dog
a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of canine mast cell tumor
Tolazoline
An alpha 2 antagonist; can be used as a reversal for xylazine.
8 day meat withdrawal
Trilostane
Competitive inhibitor of 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase thereby reducing synthesis of cortisol, aldosterone and adrenal androgens.
May be useful in dogs as a treatment for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism, alopecia X, feline pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, and in horses for equine hyperadrenocorticism
Trimethoprin sulfa
Trimethoprim is bactericidal, blocks conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid
Can use to treat Isospora in cats
SE: keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dog, hypersensitivity reaction in Dobermans
Ultralente Insulin
intermediate acting extended insulin
Vasopressin
Primarily used as a diagnostic agent and sometimes for treatment for central (ADH-responsive) diabetes insipidus. Treatment of hypotension.
Vinblastine (velban)
Vinca alkaloid antineoplastic used for a variety tumors in dogs (and sometimes cats)
Vincristine
A vinca alkaloid antineoplastic used for a variety tumors in dogs and cats (primary lymphoid and hematopoietic neoplasms), may also be used for the treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
SE: paralytic ileus
SE: in cat - microtubule poison and can cause neuropathies such as paralytic ileus and demyelination
Xylazine
Shortest acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for its sedative and analgesic in a variety of species; sometimes used as an emetic in cats.
Causes bradycardia after administration. It may also cause first of second-degree atrioventricular block due to enhancement of vagal tone.
4 day meat withdrawal
Yohimbine
alpha 2 antagonist that can be used to reverse alpha 2 agonists such as xylazine
