Canine Pathogen Flashcards
Actinomyces
bacterial infection often associated with migration of a grass awn
Acute anterior uveitis
intraocular pressure often decreased below normal (10-20 mmHg), chronic uveitis can lead to glaucoma and resultant high pressures
Ancylostoma caninum
Hookworm; treat with Ivermectin, fenbendazole, pyrantel, or butamisole. Can penetrate through the skin of young pups and migrate to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed and mature in the small intestine. There, the worms suck blood and cause bleeding ulcers; up to 0.1 ml of blood per worm can be lost per day. Aberrant migration under the skin of infected people results in cutaneous larva migrans.
Aortic stenosis treatment
Medical management with beta blockers (ex. atenolol) used to reduce myocardial oxygen demand, thus reducing the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias.The owner should also be warned to the dog will need prophylactic antibiotics for any situation in which the dog may develop a bacteremia since it is at high risk of developing infective endocarditis.
Avascular necrosis (Legg-Calves-Perthes Disease)
Results in a collapse or fragmentation of the femoral epiphysis because of a disruption in blood flow. The cause of blood flow interruption is unknown. The condition occurs in young small-breed dogs prior to closure of the capital femoral physis. The condition can be seen bilaterally in 10-17% of patients. Dogs are usually 6-7 months of age when they first start showing clinical signs but the age may range from 3-13 months. Treatment with a femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) generally yields excellent results. Alternatively, if owners demand perfect biomechanics, a total hip replacement may be considered, but most veterinarians tend to recommend an FHO.
Blastomycosis
Broad-bases buddy organism. Dog likely has a history of travel to the Ohio River alley.
Blood profile with hypervitaminosis D
High Ca and High P
Excessive intake of vitamin D is associated with an increase in 25-hyroxyvitamin D3 levels. At high levels, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 competes with 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 for its receptors on the intestines and bone causing increased absorption of Ca and P from te intestinal tract and resorption of bone causing increased levels of circulating Ca and P. A common source of confusion in that this is in contrast to PTH which causes high Ca but generally causes unchanged or normal phosphorus because it also enhances renal phosphorus excretion.
Campylobacteriosis
mucous-laden diarrhea. Gram-negative “gull shaped” rods, single or in pairs or chains.
Canine Distemper
Clinical signs: diarrhea, increased respiratory effort, and seizures. Most susceptible at 3-6 months of age, before 3 months protected by maternally derived antibodies. Very contagious and spreads mainly by aerosolized respiratory secretions. Virus is shed for several weeks after infection.
Diagnosis: Immunofluorescent assay on affected epithelium
canine familial dermatomyositis
Collies
Canine Tracheobronchitis
Caused by canine parainfluenza virus
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Patient has a problem with the function of the hypothalamus (ADH production) and/or neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary (ADH release) so the patient can not respond to the changes in the serum osmolality or blood volume and pressure. The urine specific gravity of a CDI patient is usually 1.001-1.007. The kidneys have no problem responding to ADH in CDI patients. There is a lack of the hormone, not an over-abundance.
Chronic Superficial Keratitis (CSK)
(Pannus or Uberreiter’s disease) immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the cornea, particularly seen in GSDs due to UV light exposure. It is believed that the UV light alters corneal proteins leading to an immune reaction. It is treated with topic steroids and cyclosporine, and animals ofter require lifelong therapy.
Coccidiocomycosis
Spherules - pic in screen shots
Clinical history: chronic cough and development of lameness with lesions over lameness. Chest radiographs - diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern which is nodular in some regions. Hilar lymphadenopathy. Treat with prolonged fungal treatment. Fluconazole is the treatment of choice. Ketoconazole and itraconazole are good choices.
Coonhound paralysis (idopathic polyradiculoneuritis)
may be seen after a raccoon bite, systemic illness, or vaccination; the cause is often unknown. Cranial nerve involvement is usually limited tot he facial and pharyngeal/laryngeal region. Additionally, diffuse hyperesthesia may be present with Coonhound paralysis.
Corneal dermoid
congenital tumour in Dog and Cat
Cricopharyngeal dysphagia
congenital disorder characterized by incoordination of swallow reflex.
Demodex canis
Commensal mite, secondary to an underlying disease or immunosuppression. There are several treatment options. Amitraz (Mitaban) is the only FDA approved one but difficult to get a hold of and use (is a dip and must be administered in a hospital). Ivermectin and milbemycin are also used to treat this condition “off-label” To stop treatment: requires two negative skin scrapes one month apart
Dipetalonema reconditum
is not pathogenic and is therefore not treated.microfilaria parasite found in the peripheral blood of dogs. Blood parasite that looks similar to the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis, the agent of Heartworm disease. The two parasites must be differentiated because Dipetalonema reconditum
Dirofilaria immitis
canine heartworm
Dystocia
most common cause is uterine inertia, followed by malpresentation, fetal oversize, narrow canal, and malformation
Eclampsia
Should be suspected in a nursing dog with neurologic signs, pain or stiffness. It is due to reduction in serum-ionized calcium secondary to the demand of producing large amounts of milk. Treatment is with calcium supplementation.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
group of connective tissue disorders that are characterised by fragile, stretchy and loose skin, caused by a genetic defect in the production of collagen
Emphysematous cystitis
Caused by the presence of gas-forming bacteria. Even if a patient is asymptomatic, emphysematous cystitis typically has an underlying cause that should be determined and treated. The most common rule outs include Cushing’s disease (ACTH stimulation test), diabetes mellitus (urinalysis to look for glucosuria), chronic urinary tract infections (urine culture) and bladder stones. Once the underlying disease process is treated, the cystitis will typically resolve with antibiotic therapy.
Extraocular polymyositis
golden retriever
Familial Shar Pei Fever (FSF)
high fever and unilateral or bilateral tarsal swelling. The swelling affects tissues around the joint, rather than with the tarsus itself. FSF also predisposed to amyloidosis, resulting in proteinuria.
Fanconi syndrome
are renal disorder of dogs in which the proximal renal tubules of the kidney do not properly reabsorb electrolytes and nutrients back into the body, but instead “spill” them in the urine - particularly Basenjis dogs. Leads to hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
Typically occurs with repositioning of the pylorus to the left dorsal abdomen. Right lateral best positions for revealing a gas filled left dorsally-displaced pylorus with a gas-filled ventral fundus separated by a soft tissue band (compartmented stomach).
The stomach is likely to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction if looking att eh patient from cranial to caudal, clockwise from surgeon’s perspective (caudal to cranial)
Hansen’s Type 1 disc disease
In chondrodystrophic breeds such as the dachshund and the bassett hound, the nucleus pulposus undergoes chondroid degeneration. These breeds are genetically predisposed to such pathology and changes such as mineralisation are normally apparent in more than one disc by the time the dog is one year old. The abnormal disc may bulge, chronically impinging on the ventral cord and producing slow onset of clinical signs
Hansen’s Type 2 disc disease
more common in older, large breed dogs such as the German Shepard Dog. IVDD type II involves fibroid degeneration of the nucleus pulposus and protrusion of the annulus fibrosis. Over time the fibroid tissue in the disc is replaced by collagenous tissue. At the same time, hypertrophy of the surrounding annulus occurs, causing progressive compression of the spinal cord. Mineralisation of the discs is rare.
Clinical signs are normally insidious but the dog may present acutely. It is common for the dog to only show signs of dynamic compression of the spinal cord, for example when jumping. As the onset of disease is normally gradual and progressive, so clinical signs are normally less severe on presentation
Heartworm preventative
ivermectin or milbemycin once monthly
Heinz body anemia
regenerative anemia
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)
severe form of gastrointestinal disease that is very common among small dogs. Aggressive fluid therapy is extremely important for these patients to prevent shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and renal failure. And abnormally high PCV can be a good indicator of this disease if there is a history of bloody diarrhea. Anti-nausea and gastroprotective medications may help the patient to feel better, but aggressive fluid therapy is the most important treatment for these patients.
Histiocytomas
In young dogs, localized masses along the head, ears, and limbs - a benign collection of histiocytes with a few other inflammatory cells present. They occur in young dogs and often resolve after a few months. A few histiocytomas can ulcerate, and multiple histiocytomas can be found on one animals. Those that do not regress on their own can be surgically excised. FNA will often give a conclusive diagnosis.
Hyperadrenocorticism
“Cushing’s disease” more commonly occurs in older, large breed dogs. Thinning and increased fragility of the skin, Calcinosis cutis, weight gain due to slower metabolism, usually have normal appetite, PU/PD
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
affects the metaphysis
condition seen in young, growing large breed dogs. Affects the metaphyses of all long bones and appears as an abnormal radiolucent line within the metaphysis. The disease is usually self-limiting but can cause limb deformities or systemic illness. The etiology is unknown but may be correlated with Ca/P levels and balance, vitamin C deficiency, and certain diseases including distemper
