Cardiology

Question 1

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer 1

Consistent with chaotic electrical activity and mechanical activity during cardiac arrest.

Question 2

Third degree AV block

Answer 2

Atropine is often administered in attempts to increase the ventricular rate but almost never significantly increases the heart rate. Cause is unknown, typically require artificial pacemaker.

Question 3

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in cat

Answer 3

treatment: Beta-blockers such as atenolol advocated by some cardiologist, particularly when left ventricular outflow obstruction exists. Atenolol alleviated the obstruction by reducing heart rate, LV contractility, and also reduces myocardial oxygen demands. Diltiazem and antithrombotics may also be considered.

Question 4

Second-degree Mobitz type I heart block

Answer 4

Known as Wenckebach beat.

Question 5

Second-degree Mobitz type II heart block

Answer 5

P-R interval duration is unchanged and occasionally you will observe a P wave without a QRS complex.

Question 6

First-degree heart block

Answer 6

Increased P-R interval and no dropped QRS.

Question 7

Third-degree heart block

Answer 7

P waves are unassociated from the QRS complex.

Question 8

Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy

Answer 8

Normally associated with systemic hypertension, hyperthyroidism, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve can occur with any of these conditions). Thus, blood pressure measurement, examination of the fundus (for evidence of hemorrhage or retinal detachment in response to systemic hypertension), and thyroid testing can be justified. A urinalysis is also indicated to rule out isosthenuria and/or proteinuria consistent with renal disease and resultant hypertension.

Question 9

Aortic stenosis

Answer 9

Can be caused by subvavular, valvular, or supravavlvular lesion. Most commonly subvalvular in the dog. Golden retrievers, Newfoundlands, Boxers, GSD, English bulldog, Shar-peis, and bull terriers are all predisposed breeds. Clinical signs include exercise intolerance, syncope, and sudden death. There is no cure and dogs diagnosed with this disease should not be bred.

Question 10

Tall slender P wave (P pulmonale)

Answer 10

Right atrial enlargement

Question 11

Wide P wave (P mitrale)

Answer 11

Left atrial enlargement

Question 12

Left-to-right shunting PDA

Answer 12

continuous heart murmur, bounding arterial pulses. increased QRS amplitudes on electrocardiograph (due to left chamber enlargement), aneurysmal bulge of the aorta on thoracic radiographs.

Question 13

Right-to-left shunting PDA

Answer 13

Right ventricular enlargement,