Drug References / Med Safety / Biostats Flashcards
What information can you find in MedLine Plus?
Free information for patients to read more about their medications, herbs, and supplements
What can you find in DailyMed? Who is is run by?
Provided by FDA to provide package inserts
FREE
What can you find in each of the following:
- Micromedex Red book
- FDA orange book
- Purple book
- CDC yellow book
- CDC pink book
- FDA green book
- Drug price, dosage forms, manufacturer info - RX AND OTC
- Therapeutic equivalence
- Biologics
- Travel recommendations and vaccine requirements
- Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine preventable disease
- Drug products rated for safety and effectiveness for veterinary use in animals
What are some pregnancy/lactation specific references?
ACOG
Hales
Brigg’s
LactMed
OTIS
What are some pediatric specific references?
AAP
Harriet lane handbook
Nelson’s
Teddy bear book
Neofax
What is the absolute risk reduction formula?
AAR = CER - EER
Control event rate - experimental event rate
What is the relative risk reduction formula?
RRR = 1-RR
What is the relative risk formula?
What does relative risk you and what are the standard values?
RR = EER/CER
RR tells you how much more likely the EER is to occur than the CER.
If <1 = the treatment REDUCED the event rate compared to control
If > 1 = the treatment INCREASES the event rate compared to control
How do you calculate numbers needed to treat? What about NNH?
What does it mean?
NNT = 1/AAR
NNH = 1/AAR
If NNT was 20, then it would mean that 20 people would need to be treated in order for 1 person to benefit
How do you round NNT vs NNH?
NNT is always rounded UP
NNH is always rounded DOWN
How do you calculate odds ratio?
What does it tell you?
What do the standard values mean?
OR = (EER/ENR) / (CER/CNR)
It refers to a change in likelihood or odds of an outcome occurring as a result int he exposure
OR >1 = increase in likelihood
OR < 1 = decrease in likelihood
What is a hazard ratio?
It is similar to relative risk in that it calculates the risk of events in the experimental group compared to control group, HOWEVER, you can only calculate RR at the end of the study and you can calculate HR at any point
What are the two types of discrete and continuous data?
Discrete - Nominal (Categorical) and ordinal (ranked)
Continuous - interval and ratio data
What is the difference between interval and ratio data?
They are both equal and measurable intervals , HOWEVER, ratio data has an absolute zeroF
For continuous data, list the 3 tests that can be used and their group requirements
Student’s T-Test : 2 indepedent groups
Paired T-Test: 2 paired groups
ANOVA: >3 independent OR paired groups
For nominal data, list the 3 tests that can be used and their group requirements
Chi-square test: > 2 independent groups
McNemar : >2 paired groups
Cochran’s Q : >3 paired groups
For Ordinal data, list the 4 tests that can be used and their group requirements
Wilcoxon Rank Sum: 2 independent groups
Wilcoxon signed rank: 2 paired groups
Kruskcal - Wallis: >3 independent groups
Friedman: >3 paired groups
What is:
- Cohort study
- Case-control study
- Cross-sectional study
- Cross-over study
- The whole group shares a common trait
- People with the outcome are compared with people who haven’t had the outcome
- Risk factors/health status are compared at a SPECIFIC point in time
- Participants get exposed to both experiments. They serve as their own control.
What is a null hypothesis?
What is alternative?
NO difference or association
The hypothesis argues for a presence of correlation between events.
Type 1 vs type 2 error and how is it represented?
Type 1 - False rejection of the null hypothesis (you said there was a difference when in reality there wasn’t ) - represented by alpha level.
Type 2 - False acceptance of the null hypothesis (you said there wasn’t a different but there was ) - represented by beta (power)
How to calculate power and what is it?
Power = 1 - B
The power is the ability of a test to find an association or a difference .
It is the likelihood of NOT making a type 2 error. (if underpowered, then your risk of making a type 2 error goes up)
What is the difference between incidence and prevalene?
Incidence is the number if new events in a specific time period.
Prevalence is the total number of people with the event divided by the population
