(don't study! extra info )cog wk 8

Question 1

syllogisms

why quantitative

Answer 1

has 4 quantifiers
all
none
some
some not

Question 2

Two types of reasoning

Answer 2

inductive reasoning : draw conclusion from specific instance which may or may not be correct

Deductive reasoning: start with some premises, finish with a conclusion that has to be true if the two premises are true

Question 3

easiest syllogism example

vs hardest

Answer 3

asked all A are B, all B are C.

are all A B

yes

….hardest

all B are A
all B are C
how many A are C

some
???

Question 4

1st approach - mood

Answer 4

FINISH

Question 5

2nd approach - Comprehension

example

evidence

Answer 5

e.g. p.p told all A are B and the p.p hears all B are A

or told some A are B believe some, but not all, A are B

Clarifying premises greatly reduces error rates e.g. All A are B but not all B are A

Question 6

3rd approach (to expl 1st flashcard)Mental Models

Answer 6

” create mental models of all possible variations of what can be true in syllogism world. The more possible mental models, the lower the accurate and slower.

Newstead asked p.p to write down conclusion for syllogism and then write down considered models. Found multiple model conclusions p.p only considered one model.

Question 7

4th approach to explaining syllogistic reasoning

Framing and experience

Answer 7

4 questions in a believable-unbelievable, valid, invalid matrix.

valid believable 86%
unbelievable valid 56%
believable invalid 71% (this is the percentage that accepted, in this case wrongly as statement is invalid)
unbelievable invalid 10% ACCEPT CONCLUSION

Question 8

Propisitional reasoning conditions

Answer 8

IF AND NOT OR

Question 9

4 types of propositional reasoning =
(check if this is in Learning ob)

Question 10

1st reason for propositional reason error
Heuristic

Answer 10

if asked about S and 9, will turn over S and 9

would rule out confirmation bias

Question 11

explain card selection ask in propositional reason

Answer 11

FINISH!!!

Question 12

2nd reason for propositional reason error
Comprehension

Answer 12

experiementer said: if there is a D one one side …

..then there is a 3 on the other side

p.p heard, CHoose D

vise versa so
Choose all four cards

Question 13

mental mdels - propositional logic

Answer 13

not generating enough mental models.
e.g. don’t image if C is possible without A

Question 14

Framing and experience - propositional

Answer 14

e.g. asked about drinking and age p.p got 73% correct cards.

asked about p and q, 0% chose correct cards ( p, not-q) (abstract task)

Question 15

evidence for Framing and experience

Answer 15

Deontic reasoning .
give same rule and same question

when given context about it , improves massively

evolved “cheater detection algorithm”

Relevence/expected utility

-Matching heuristic: itmes mentoned in rile seem relevent
- CHeater detectiom: high utility …..

Question 16

framing ans experience : Relevence evidence

Answer 16

asked You work in a travel agency in 1979 and you need to check that customers have followed the rule: “If a person travels to any East African country, then that person must be immunized against cholera”

then change framing : (only motivation has changed: Your boss is worried that she may have mis-informed customers. Check whether customers have followed the rule “If a person travels to any East African country, then that person must be immunized against cholera”. 71% chose wrong answer (turned over wrong card).

Question 17

Distinguish between the four different theoretical approaches in understanding the errors that people make in reasoning

(applied to both syllogisms and propositional reasoning)

Answer 17

• Heuristics (identifying simplifying strategies): Atmosphere & Matching
• Interpretation of terms (do pp understand what they’re being asked to do)
• Process Models (processes in brain)
• Framing and experience

Question 18

Define propositional reasoning, syllogistic reasoning

Answer 18

Syllogistic: Quantifiers: ALL, SOME, NO, SOME NOT
Propositional: Conditionals: IF, AND, NOT, OR

Question 19

the different types of conclusions associated with propositional reasoning

Answer 19

If p (antecedent) then q (consequent)

Modus Ponens = given p so conclude q (valid)

Modus Tollens = given no q so conclude no p (valid)

Affirmation of the consequent = Given q so conclude p (invalid)

Denial of the antecedent = given no p so conclude no q (invalid)

Question 20

Explain the Wason selection task and factors that improve performance

Answer 20

Four cards following the: If p then q format

Performance improves with deontic reasoning

Improvements subject to framing and utility