Dev wk 2 Flashcards
Primary intersubjectivity
During first months, babies pay a lot of attention to faces, eye contact,
produce vocalisations, imitate sounds and facial gestures. One at a time interactions.
(babies probs not trying to communicate)
secondary intersubjectivity
Older infants (around 9 months): more sophisticated, pointing, turn taking, shared attention.
(probably babies trying to communicate)
during primary intersubjectivity, how do caregivers and infants share experiences
in face to face interactions.
but these interactions are dyadic. (baby and caregiver, baby and object)
- no assumption of perspective of others.
- These interactions are not intentional
in early socialisation, do 6mnth old babies interpret gazing as information?
what are the conditions necessary
yes. Only follow the gaze if preceded by mutual eye gaze
Secondary intersubjectivity
how do caregiver and infant share experiences
interactions start to become triadic (the infant and caregiver interacting together with a toy; social referencing)
Interactions become intentional, and infants start to assume that others have their own perspective
what are some research evidence that infants cooridnate emotional response with another person
secondary intersubjectivity
Still face experiment
- parent freezes, stops responding
- interaction breaks down
- child attempts to repair the interaction (social engagement cues)
Visual cliff example.
- to test depth perception. baby placed on glass that goes over acliff edge.
- infants will look at the parent for an emotional cue on how to respond
beginnings of intentional communication from the infant is signalled by
i.e these are the signs we know they are beggining to intentionally communicate
- use of eye contact/pointing to direct others attention
- Consistent use of vocalisation to indicate specific goal.
- evidence of child waiting for a response
- persistence if understood
at what age can children control turn taking in language
what are the problems with studying this
3rd year
in the early stages, the caregiver ensures a smooth interaction between speakers
Difficult to establish exactly when mutually intentional e.g. difficult to know childs intentions
Turn taking (speaking) in early development
young infants (from around 3 mnths) alternate vocalisations with their caregivers.
By 12 month, very few overlaps between ‘speakers’
proto conversation - similarities between turn taking in early vocalisations and later conversation.
types of joint attention
sharing
following
directing attention
what age do children look to adults in unfamilliar or threatening situations to gauge emotional response
9 months
why is joint attention useful for language dev
Topic comment
caregiver talks ab object of joint attention
sharing attention.
is it usually just by chance that caregiver and child share attention of the same object
No. during first year, mothers constantly monitor the child’s line of regard.
when childs attention shifts , mother attempts to regain attention
mothers sensitivity to childs focus of attention is linked to
child’s vocabulary development
Joint attention - Following points.
at which ages to children respond in which way to pointing
9 months : can follow points in front of another person
12 months: begin to check back with pointer
14 months: follows a point across the line of sight
at what age do infants turn to follow an adults gaze and share a point of attention
9 months
Infants aren’t
tracking the
GAZE
specifically until
around which age?
(Corkum
& Moore,
1995; Moore &
Corkum, 1998).
18
months
they follow the head turn
12-month-olds
will follow a head
turn….________
* 14-month-olds
will only follow
when the eyes
are _____
(Brooks and
Meltzoff, 2002)
even if the
person is
blindfolded!
visible
But, 12-motholds will gaze
follow if the
partner has their
eyes _____, but
not if the eyes
are ____!
open
closed
Infants follow
gaze …. (Moll &
Tomasello,
2004)
behind
barriers
do infants understanding communicative intentions study
what was it
what was the intetresting finding
Behne studied whether14, 18 and 24 month olds will follow a helpers point.
do they understand there is a shared goal of finding the toy?
infants follow both point and gaze
special condition where experimenter looked to the side while pointing. babies don’t look there. (non-communicative point)
Imperative vs declarative pointing
by 9 months a child does what. by 18 a child does what
imperative - to get adult to do smth
declarative- direct adult’s attention to something
9 - points, then checks mothers line of regard
18 - checks mothers line of regarrd before pointing
Criticisms of joint attention : directing attention
types of points
intention may not be to communicate.
e.g. imperative : children learn that if she points, she gets what she wants
Declarative: infant learns she gets more attention by pointing at things
BUT
12 mnth olds indicate when adult retrieves wrong object. respond negatively
what is the main question of gaze following in infants
Do infants understand that when someone alters their gaze, it is because they see smth interesting
