Developmental wk 1-4 Flashcards
phonology
language is compromised of small units that are combined
Study of language composition
semantics
language conveys meaning
what does it mean by language is generative
there is a finite of units we can use in speech but we can organise and swap to make infinite unique meanings
phonemes
perceptually distinct units of sound in a language that distinguish one word from another
languages differ in the sounds they use as phonemes
syntax
rules about how words go together to form sentances
what is prosody of language
the underlying musicality . pattern of stress and intonation. infants are sensitive to this
the foetal auditory system is _____functioning during the last trimester.
fully
newborns : (true or false)
1* prefer their own mothers voice
2* prefer their native language compared to a foreign language
3* discriminate languages with similar prosody
4* cry with an accent
1) T
2) T
3) False. they discriminate only languages with different prosody
4) T
what is interesting about a children’s “babbling” in development - in terms of phonemes
initially a wide range of sounds (phonemes).
In first year, move towards producing only sounds of target language
Finding words.
infants can segment words from their language at approx which age.
which age can they not
approx 7.5 months, but not 6 months
Between which two months do infants ability to distinguish sounds from non target language systematically decrease and ability to distinguish target language sounds increase.
between 7 and 11 months
How do infants segment words syllables
what age has this been found to happen
Because syllables that co-occur often are likely part of the same word.
e.g. happy baby
ha is often followed by pee
pee is not often followed by bay
8 months
properties of infant directed speech (IDS)
- Higher Pitched
- slower speaking rate
- Important words generally at the end and are exaggerated more
- The boundaries between phrases are enhanced, making it easier to segment speech.
- Infants prefer to listen to IDS and interact with people who use IDS
- More attentive around IDS
how does IDS impact infants speech segmentation
better segmentation with IDS
What factors aid an infants word segmentation
- prosody, IDS
- statistics, co-occurring syllables
- Frequency
How does frequency aid with word segmentation in infants
highly frequent salient words (e.g. mummy, childs name)
- highly frequent linguistic words e.g. the, he/she
These words act as an anchor
identifying a words speech stream = identify a boundary
research support for frequency aiding word segmentation
Highly familiar words help 6 months segment words,
e.g. baby Hannah recognised words next to hannah in a sentence.
This word segmentation is usually not present in 6 mnth olds.
how do the order of function and articles in their language impact word organisation
in english, function words tend to go before (articles, pronouns, prepositions)
e.g. An apple
But not in all languages.
in Japanese, this is the opposite.
So, japanese infants would tend to organise word segments as having the common sound (representing the function words such as articles that are common in language) at the end of a made up segment.
Whereas English would organise it before
Primary intersubjectivity
During first months, babies pay a lot of attention to faces, eye contact,
produce vocalisations, imitate sounds and facial gestures. One at a time interactions.
(babies probs not trying to communicate)
secondary intersubjectivity
Older infants (around 9 months): more sophisticated, pointing, turn taking, shared attention.
(probably babies trying to communicate)
during primary intersubjectivity, how do caregivers and infants share experiences
in face to face interactions.
but these interactions are dyadic. (baby and caregiver, baby and object)
- no assumption of perspective of others.
- These interactions are not intentional
in early socialisation, do 6mnth old babies interpret gazing as information?
what are the conditions necessary
yes. Only follow the gaze if preceded by mutual eye gaze
Secondary intersubjectivity
how do caregiver and infant share experiences
interactions start to become triadic (the infant and caregiver interacting together with a toy; social referencing)
Interactions become intentional, and infants start to assume that others have their own perspective
what are some research evidence that infants cooridnate emotional response with another person
secondary intersubjectivity
Still face experiment
- parent freezes, stops responding
- interaction breaks down
- child attempts to repair the interaction (social engagement cues)
Visual cliff example.
- to test depth perception. baby placed on glass that goes over acliff edge.
- infants will look at the parent for an emotional cue on how to respond