Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal system > DNA to protein > Flashcards

DNA to protein Flashcards

1
Q

Which route does DNA take during replication?

A

DNA - pre mRNA, mature mRNA, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

How information in DNA becomes a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Only in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three phases of transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to the 5’ promoter end of a gene
In eukaryotes, this occurs via the action of basal transcription factors
RNA polymerase is able to open the DNA without helicase
Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase moves down DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction
This continues until enzyme reaches a terminator sequence
mRNA is modified and leaves nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do basal transcription factors do?

A

Bind to promoter region
Helps RNA polymerase get a ‘foothold’ on the DNA
Recognise the TATA box region of a gene and helps others to bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens during gene expression?

A

pre mRNA is spliced to form mature mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins
Exons may be included or excluded from mRNA
Proteins produced will have different amino acids - different functions
Increases diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How else can RNA be modified?

A

A modified guanine can be added to the 5’ end

A polyA tail can be added to the 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the 80s ribosome contain?

A

A 60s and 40s subgroup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many types of rRNA are in the 60s ribosome?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many proteins are in the 60s ribosome?

A

45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many types of rRNA are in the 40s ribosome?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many proteins are in the 40s ribosome?

A

30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

Ribosomes bind to mRNA in the cytoplasm and move in a 5’ to 3’ direction until a start codon is reached
Anticodons on tRNA align opposite the complementary codons
Each tRNA molecule is attached to an amino acid
Ribosomes catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids - condensation reaction
Ribosomes move along mRNA until a stop codon is reached
Translation ceases, polypeptide released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What amino acid does the start codon code for?

A

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the central dogma goes wrong?

A

Change in chain’s DNA sequence - change in structure and function of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is sickle cell anaemia caused?

A

One amino acid change
Glutamate - valine at position 7
occurs in haemoglobin B chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D folding due to side chain interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

More than one amino acid chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is structural biology?

A

Determination of 3D structures of biological macromolecules such as proteins or amino acids

24
Q

What happens if the folding of proteins is disrupted?

A

Proteins can display sticky ends and aggregate into fibres - can create toxic proteins

25
Q

Where are DNA and RNA found?

A

DNA - nucleus

RNA - move to ribosome

26
Q

Functions of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - stores genetic information

RNA - transfers genetic information to organelles

27
Q

Structures of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - Double helix

RNA - Single helix

28
Q

Bases and sugars in DNA and RNA

A

DNA - ATGC, deoxyribose

RNA - AUGC, ribose

29
Q

Amounts of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - fixed

RNA - variable

30
Q

Ratios of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - 1:1

RNA - none, single stranded

31
Q

Number of types of DNA and RNA and what they are

A

DNA - 2 mitochondrial and one nuclear

RNA - tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

32
Q

Base pairings of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - A-T, G-C

RNA - A-U, G-C

33
Q

Reactivities of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - not very reactive

RNA - much more reactive

34
Q

What is situs inverses?

A

Inversion of visceral organs

35
Q

What happens to the symmetry of the body when cilia are defective?

A

Cilia normally determine the left-right symmetry of the body, when they are defective it means that this symmetry is chosen by chance

36
Q

Function of DNA gyrase

A

Opens DNA and removes supercoils that form infant of replication fork

37
Q

What is a topoisomerase?

A

Enzymes that participate in over/under winding of DNA

38
Q

Describe the process by which DNA replicates

A

DNA gyrase, a topoisomerase, reduces torsional resistance by generating transient breaks in DNA
DNA primate adds short, complementary RNA primers
DNA polymerase iii adds nucleotides to extend primmer in the 5’ to 3’ direction - this is the leading strand
Primers are also generated on the lagging strand, creating fragments known as Okazaki fragments
RNA polymers are removed and replaced by DNA by polymerase I
DNA fragments connected by ligase

39
Q

Who discovered the central dogma?

A

Watson and Crick

40
Q

What is the most common form of the double helix?

A

B-form

41
Q

Where will the base attach to the sugar in a nucleotide?

A

The 1’ carbon

42
Q

To what position carbon atoms will the phosphate group attach in a nucleotide?

A

The 5’ of one nucleotide and the 3’ of another

43
Q

What is the name of the bond that attaches two nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester

44
Q

Which of the bases are the pyrimidines?

A

C and T

45
Q

What is a pyrimidine base?

A

They have a single ring structure

46
Q

Which of the bases are purines?

A

A and g

47
Q

What is a purine base?

A

They have a double ring structure

48
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

Strands are separated by helicase
Results in a replication fork
Primase makes small pieces of RNA called primers
DNA polymerase binds to primer (can only add in 5’ to 3’ direction)
Leading strand is made continuously
Lagging strand runs in the opposite direction and is made in small chunks called Okazaki fragments
Each fragment starts with RNA primer
Polymerase adds bases in the 5’ to 3’ direction
The the new strand is made, exonuclease removes the RNA primers
DNA polymerase fills in gaps with DNA
DNA ligase seals fragments to form double strand

49
Q

Function of primers

A

Marks the starting point for constructing new DNA

50
Q

Why can’t G and T bond?

A

The bond would have the wrong geometry and symmetry so disturb the helix

51
Q

How many base pairs are on each turn of the helix?

A

10

52
Q

How does stacking bases stabilise the structure?

A

Pi-pi interactions form between aromatic rings of the bases - they share electron probabilities

53
Q

What are the two regular spaces found in DNA?

A

Major and minor grooves

54
Q

What do the grooves in DNA do?

A

Base pair recognition, protein binding sites

55
Q

What does the major groove do?

A

Backbones are far apart

Base pair specific information

56
Q

What does the minor groove do?

A

Backbones are closer together

Base pair non-specific information

Musculoskeletal system (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions