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Musculoskeletal system > Classification of bones, joints and ossification > Flashcards

Classification of bones, joints and ossification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of internal structures that bone can have?

A

Compact and spongy

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2
Q

Another name for compact bone

A

Cortical

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3
Q

Another name for spongy bone

A

Trabeular

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4
Q

6 types of bones that have been classified by shape

A 
Long
Flat
Irregular
Short
Sutural
Sesamoid
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5
Q

Example of long bones

A

Humerus/metatarsal

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6
Q

Example of flat bones

A

Sternum/roof of skull

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7
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae/pelvic bones

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8
Q

Example of short bones

A

Carpal/tarsal

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9
Q

Example of sutural bones

A

Skull

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10
Q

Example of sesamoid bones

A

Patella

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11
Q

Features of long bones

A

Longer than it is wide

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12
Q

Function of long bones

A

Leverage

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13
Q

Features of short bones

A

Cube-like shape, equal length/width/thickness

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14
Q

Functions of short bones

A

Stability and some motion

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15
Q

Features of flat bones

A

Thin and curved

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16
Q

Function of flat bones

A

Point of attachment for muscles, protects internal organs

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17
Q

Features of irregular bones

A

Complex shape

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18
Q

Features of sesamoid bones

A

Small and round, embedded in tendons

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19
Q

Function of irregular bones

A

Protect internal organs

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20
Q

Function of sesamoid bones

A

Protect tendons from compressive forces

21
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone forms on or within fibrous connective tissue (e.g. flat skull bones)

22
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone forms from cartilage template, e.g. long bones

23
Q

Process of intramembranous ossification

A
  • Appears as jelly of mesenchyme tissue, within the connective tissue is developing osteoblasts
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts at the ossification centre
  • Osteoblasts are young bone cells that start laying down bone matrix (e.g. calcium/collagen) within mesenchyme tissue
  • Gradually matures into osteocyte which continues to lay down bone matrix
  • Minerals begin to harden tissue - forms harder bone tissue
  • Calcification = hardening of bone = process of ossification and bone formation
  • Osteocyte gets trapped within the matrix they are laying down
  • Lacunae (space containing osteocyte/chondrocyte) form
  • Bone forms
24
Q

When does trabecular bone form?

A

Growth occurs, trabecular become inter-connected

25
Q

Process of endochondral ossification

A
  • An intermediary forms, which is made of cartilage (the cartilage template)
  • Cartilage assumes the shape of the bone to be formed
  • Perichondrium covers outer surface of cartilage
  • In calcified bone, the equivalent of the perichondrium is the periosteum
  • Perichondrium is converted to periosteum as the cartilage template hardens due to the action of chondrocytes
26
Q

Where are secondary ossification centres located?

A

At the ends of the cartilage model of small, long bones

27
Q

In what direction do secondary ossification centres work?

A

From inwards to outwards

28
Q

In what direction do primary ossification centres work?

A

From outwards to inwards

29
Q

Which cells assist primary ossification centres?

A

Perichondria osteoprogenitor

30
Q

What is the structural framework of a joint?

A

The type of connective tissue that joins bones together

31
Q

What is the functional framework of a joint?

A

The degree of movement occurring in the joints

32
Q

Characteristics of fibrous joints

A
  • Bones are united by fibrous tissue

- Permit no or very limited range of movement

33
Q

Another word for fibrous joints

A

Synarthroses

34
Q

What is a syndesmoses joint?

A

Bones joined by sheet of fibrous tissue band (e.g. interosseous membrane)

35
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

Interlocking projectons of adjacent bone plates, joined together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue (e.g. joints between cranial bones)

36
Q

What is a gomphoses joint?

A

Joint connected by fibrous tissue called periodontal membrane (e.g. joint between root of the tooth and alveolar process of mandible or maxilla)

37
Q

Another word for cartilaginous joints

A

Amphiarthroses

38
Q

Characteristics of cartilaginous joints

A
  • Bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

- Cartilaginous joints allow for little movement

39
Q

What is a synchondroses joint?

A

Bones usually joined by hyaline cartilage, usually temporarily occur during development, e.g. articulation between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones

40
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchondroses

41
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Symphyses

42
Q

What is a symphyses joint?

A

Bones joined by fibrocartilage, e.g. articulation between vertebrae/hip bones

43
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Any muscle that crosses a joint acts on that joint. Any nerve supplying a muscle also supplies a joint

44
Q

How to describe the structure of a joint

A
  • Identify type of joint
  • Identify bones involved and articulating parts
  • Describe attachment of joint capsule if present
  • Describe attachment of joint ligaments
  • Describe range of movements occurring at joint and muscles involved
  • Describe the bursa (if present)
  • Describe neurovascular supply of joint
  • Describe clinical anatomy of joint
45
Q

Which structures are found in synovial joints?

A
  • Joint capsule - fibrous membrane wrapping around joint
  • Synovial membrane - thin, inner membrane
  • Articular cartilage - normally hyaline cartilage
  • Joint cavity with synovial fluid - enclosed by synovial membrane
  • Articular disks (menisci)
  • Articular ligaments - connects and enforces stability of joints together with capsule and synovial membrane
  • Articular bursa - cushion-like padding shock absorber
46
Q

3 types of synovial joint

A

Uniaxial/biaxial/multiaxial

47
Q

Characteristics of uniaxial joints and examples

A
  • Permit movement about one axis and in one plane

- Hinge joints and pivot joints

48
Q

Characteristics of biaxial joints and examples

A
  • Permits movement about two perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes
  • Saddle joints, e.g. carpometacarpal joints
  • Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints, e.g. metacarphophalangeal joints
49
Q

Characteristics of multiaxial joints and examples

A
  • Permit movement around three or more axes in three or more planes
  • Ball and socket (spheroid) joints
  • Gliding (plane) joints

Musculoskeletal system (24 decks)

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