Cartilage, joints and bones

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Junctions/articulations between 2+ bones

Some joints permit movement, others don’t

Question 2

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 2

Bones which connect the arms to the torso

Question 3

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 3

Found between bones that move against eachother

Question 4

What are the two joints in the pectoral girdle?

Answer 4

Sternoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint

Question 5

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 5

Joins the sternum and the clavicle

Question 6

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 6

Joins the scapula and the clavicle

Question 7

What is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 7

Shoulder joint

Ball and socket joint between scapula and humerus

Question 8

What is the scapulothoracic joint?

Answer 8

Scapula meets with ribs at back of chest

Question 9

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Answer 9

Synovial joint

Question 10

What bones are connected in the elbow joint?

Answer 10

The trochlea and capitulum of humerus with the trochlear notch of ulna and head of radius respectively

Question 11

Which two articulations are present in the elbow?

Answer 11

Humero-ulnar and humero-radial

Question 12

Which joint isn’t part of the elbow joint?

Answer 12

The proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 13

Which bone doesn’t participate in the wrist joint?

Answer 13

Ulna

Question 14

What type of joint is the wrist?

Answer 14

Condyloid/ellipsoid type of synovial joint

Question 15

Which bones are joined together in the wrist joint?

Answer 15

Connects wrist with forearm proximally and with the metacarpals distally
Proximal part is formed by distal end of radius and articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint and the proximal row of carpal bones

Question 16

What is the pelvic girdle made out of?

Answer 16

Two hip bones and sacrum

Connects vertebral column to femoral bones

Question 17

Which joints are present in the pelvic girdle?

Answer 17

Two sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis

Question 18

What is another name for the ankle joint?

Answer 18

Talocrural joint

Question 19

What bones are connected at the ankle joint?

Answer 19

Distal ends of tibia and fibula and superior part of talus

Question 20

What does the hip joint connect?

Answer 20

Pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Question 21

What is the hip joint formed by?

Answer 21

Connection of femur head to socket of hip bone

Question 22

What is the knee joint formed of?

Answer 22

Connections of prominences of distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia, and femur with patella

Question 23

Which bone isn’t involved in the knee joint?

Answer 23

Fibula

Question 24

Why is the knee joint weak?

Answer 24

Incongruent structure

Question 25

Which areas of the body make up the axial skeleton?

Answer 25

Head/bones/neck/trunk

Question 26

Which areas of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 26

Limbs/shoulder/pelvic girdle

Question 27

Where is cartilage founding adults?

Answer 27

At almost all junctions between bones

Question 28

Characteristics of cartilage

Answer 28

Weight bearing connective tissue | Capacity for rapid growth

Question 29

What happens to the blood supply of cartilage after childhood?

Answer 29

Cartilage becomes avascular - no blood vessels

Question 30

Does cartilage have either lymphatic vessels or nerves?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

What is cartilage surrounded by?

Answer 31

Fibrous perichondrium

Question 32

What are the two areas where cartilage isn't surrounded in perichondrium?

Answer 32

Bone junctions and articular surface of synovial joints

Question 33

How many layers is the perichondrium made of and what are they?

Answer 33

2 - one outer fibrous layer and one liner cellular layer

Question 34

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 34

A collagenous tissue sheath

Question 35

What does the inner layer of the perichondrium do?

Answer 35

Secretes cartilage matrix

Question 36

How are the areas of the cartilage not surrounded with perichondrium nourished?

Answer 36

Synovial fluid

Question 37

Is the perichondrium vascularised?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What does the cartilage matrix do?

Answer 38

Provides tensile strength

Question 39

What is the cartilage matrix composed of?

Answer 39

Collagen, elastic fibres, dissolved salts, glycoproteins and non-collagenous proteins

Question 40

What are chondrogenic cells?

Answer 40

Embryonic cartilage cells - can differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

Question 41

What are chondroblasts?

Answer 41

Synthesise extracellular matrix in growing cartilage

Question 42

How do chondroblasts become chondrocytes?

Answer 42

Become trapped in lacunae within the matrix they secrete and become less active

Question 43

Function of chondrocytes

Answer 43

Diffusion of nutrients and other substances and repair matrix

Question 44

Are chondroblasts or chondrocytes more active?

Answer 44

Chondroblasts

Question 45

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 45

Hyaline cartilage Yellow elastic cartilage White fibrocartilage

Question 46

What colour is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 46

Bluish and semi-translucent

Question 47

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 47

It is very abundant | Nose/larynx/rib ends/tracheal rings/bronchi

Question 48

Function of hyaline cartilage

Answer 48

Forms cartilage template for long bone development and the epiphyseal plate

Question 49

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

Answer 49

Type ii collagen fibres/proteoglycans/glycoproteins/ECF

Question 50

Where doe hyaline cartilage function and why?

Answer 50

Articular joint - it is smooth and resists tension

Question 51

What happens to hyaline cartilage as you age?

Answer 51

Degenerates

Question 52

What colour is yellow elastic cartilage?

Answer 52

Yellow and opaque - due to elastic fibres

Question 53

Where is yellow elastic cartilage found?

Answer 53

Pinna of ear/epiglottis/auditory tubes/cuneiform cartrtilage of larynx

Question 54

Does yellow elastic cartilage or hyaline cartilage have more chondrocytes?

Answer 54

Yellow elastic cartilage

Question 55

What is yellow elastic cartilage made of?

Answer 55

Type I and ii collagen fibres | Its matrix and perichondrium contain elastic fibres

Question 56

Does white fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

Answer 56

No | It is bundles of collagen fibres

Question 57

What does the matrix of white fibrocartilage contain?

Answer 57

Type I collagen fibres, chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate

Question 58

Where is white fibrocartilage found?

Answer 58

Intervertebral disks/attached to bones/pubic symphysis

Question 59

What is calcitonin?

Answer 59

Opposite of PTH | Produced during hypercalcaemia

Question 60

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 60

Clear/C/parafollicular cells

Question 61

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 61

Binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which inhibit osteoclasts dissolving bone This allows osteoblasts to form hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 62

What does PTH do during hypocalcemia?

Answer 62

Stimulates dissolution of bone PTH binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which secrete a ligand called RANKL RANKL binds to osteoclasts and stimulates dissolution of bone

Question 63

What crystal constitutes the main mass of bone?

Answer 63

Hydroxyapatite

Question 64

Where in bone is calcium readily available?

Answer 64

In the bone fluid

Question 65

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 65

Phosphate + calcium - hydroxyapatite

Question 66

What do osteocytes do?

Answer 66

Used to be osteoblasts - trapped in surrounding mineralised bone

Question 67

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 67

Specialised macrophages that can destroy mineralised bone

Question 68

What is bone resorption?

Answer 68

Dissolving mineralised bone

Question 69

Why must phosphate be removed from the body immediately when bone is dissolved?

Answer 69

Equal concentrations of calcium and phosphate leads to the formation of hydroxyapatite

Question 70

What effect does PTH have on the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 70

Excrete excess phosphate in urine

Question 71

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 71

Compact and spongy bone

Question 72

Where is the bone marrow contained?

Answer 72

The marrow cavity

Question 73

What type of organ is bone marrow?

Answer 73

Haemopoetic

Question 74

What is the outer layer of bone called?

Answer 74

Periosteum

Question 75

What is the marrow cavity lined with?

Answer 75

Endosteum - connective tissue composed of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

Question 76

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Answer 76

Red and yellow

Question 77

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 77

Haemopoetic tissue and site of RBC production

Question 78

What is a haemopoetic organ?

Answer 78

Elements of blood and lymph produced

Question 79

What is yellow bone marrow?

Answer 79

Fat/adipose tissue, can convert to red bone marrow especially after severe blood loss

Question 80

What is compact bone made of?

Answer 80

A Haversian/osteon system (repeating structures in compact bone)

Question 81

What is a Haversian system?

Answer 81

Concentric lamellae of bones enclosing a Haversian central canal Osteogenic cells located in lining of canal

Question 82

What are the only surfaces not covered by periosteum?

Answer 82

Articular surfaces

Question 83

What are trabeculae?

Answer 83

Fork-like projections which enclose the space for red bone marrow

Question 84

Where are trabeculae found?

Answer 84

Spongy bone

Question 85

Is there a Haversian system in spongy bone?

Answer 85

No

Question 86

Function of trabeculae?

Answer 86

Provide compressive and tensile strength

Question 87

What is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 87

Divides spongy bone and articular (Hyaline) cartilage

Question 88

Why do bones need a rich blood supply?

Answer 88

Calcified matrix doesn't allow for diffusion - it is supported by blood, nerves and lymphatic vessels

Question 89

Characteristics of long bone

Answer 89

End is epiphysis, shaft is diaphysis