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Musculoskeletal system > Cartilage, joints and bones > Flashcards

Cartilage, joints and bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Junctions/articulations between 2+ bones

Some joints permit movement, others don’t

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2
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

Bones which connect the arms to the torso

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3
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Found between bones that move against eachother

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4
Q

What are the two joints in the pectoral girdle?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint

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5
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Joins the sternum and the clavicle

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6
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Joins the scapula and the clavicle

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7
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Shoulder joint

Ball and socket joint between scapula and humerus

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8
Q

What is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Scapula meets with ribs at back of chest

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9
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial joint

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10
Q

What bones are connected in the elbow joint?

A

The trochlea and capitulum of humerus with the trochlear notch of ulna and head of radius respectively

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11
Q

Which two articulations are present in the elbow?

A

Humero-ulnar and humero-radial

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12
Q

Which joint isn’t part of the elbow joint?

A

The proximal radio-ulnar joint

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13
Q

Which bone doesn’t participate in the wrist joint?

A

Ulna

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14
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A

Condyloid/ellipsoid type of synovial joint

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15
Q

Which bones are joined together in the wrist joint?

A

Connects wrist with forearm proximally and with the metacarpals distally
Proximal part is formed by distal end of radius and articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint and the proximal row of carpal bones

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16
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made out of?

A

Two hip bones and sacrum

Connects vertebral column to femoral bones

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17
Q

Which joints are present in the pelvic girdle?

A

Two sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis

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18
Q

What is another name for the ankle joint?

A

Talocrural joint

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19
Q

What bones are connected at the ankle joint?

A

Distal ends of tibia and fibula and superior part of talus

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20
Q

What does the hip joint connect?

A

Pelvic girdle and lower limbs

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21
Q

What is the hip joint formed by?

A

Connection of femur head to socket of hip bone

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22
Q

What is the knee joint formed of?

A

Connections of prominences of distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia, and femur with patella

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23
Q

Which bone isn’t involved in the knee joint?

A

Fibula

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24
Q

Why is the knee joint weak?

A

Incongruent structure

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25
Q

Which areas of the body make up the axial skeleton?

A

Head/bones/neck/trunk

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26
Q

Which areas of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs/shoulder/pelvic girdle

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27
Q

Where is cartilage founding adults?

A

At almost all junctions between bones

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28
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

Weight bearing connective tissue

Capacity for rapid growth

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29
Q

What happens to the blood supply of cartilage after childhood?

A

Cartilage becomes avascular - no blood vessels

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30
Q

Does cartilage have either lymphatic vessels or nerves?

A

No

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31
Q

What is cartilage surrounded by?

A

Fibrous perichondrium

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32
Q

What are the two areas where cartilage isn’t surrounded in perichondrium?

A

Bone junctions and articular surface of synovial joints

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33
Q

How many layers is the perichondrium made of and what are they?

A

2 - one outer fibrous layer and one liner cellular layer

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34
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A collagenous tissue sheath

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35
Q

What does the inner layer of the perichondrium do?

A

Secretes cartilage matrix

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36
Q

How are the areas of the cartilage not surrounded with perichondrium nourished?

A

Synovial fluid

37
Q

Is the perichondrium vascularised?

A

Yes

38
Q

What does the cartilage matrix do?

A

Provides tensile strength

39
Q

What is the cartilage matrix composed of?

A

Collagen, elastic fibres, dissolved salts, glycoproteins and non-collagenous proteins

40
Q

What are chondrogenic cells?

A

Embryonic cartilage cells - can differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

41
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Synthesise extracellular matrix in growing cartilage

42
Q

How do chondroblasts become chondrocytes?

A

Become trapped in lacunae within the matrix they secrete and become less active

43
Q

Function of chondrocytes

A

Diffusion of nutrients and other substances and repair matrix

44
Q

Are chondroblasts or chondrocytes more active?

A

Chondroblasts

45
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Yellow elastic cartilage
White fibrocartilage

46
Q

What colour is hyaline cartilage?

A

Bluish and semi-translucent

47
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

It is very abundant

Nose/larynx/rib ends/tracheal rings/bronchi

48
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Forms cartilage template for long bone development and the epiphyseal plate

49
Q

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Type ii collagen fibres/proteoglycans/glycoproteins/ECF

50
Q

Where doe hyaline cartilage function and why?

A

Articular joint - it is smooth and resists tension

51
Q

What happens to hyaline cartilage as you age?

A

Degenerates

52
Q

What colour is yellow elastic cartilage?

A

Yellow and opaque - due to elastic fibres

53
Q

Where is yellow elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of ear/epiglottis/auditory tubes/cuneiform cartrtilage of larynx

54
Q

Does yellow elastic cartilage or hyaline cartilage have more chondrocytes?

A

Yellow elastic cartilage

55
Q

What is yellow elastic cartilage made of?

A

Type I and ii collagen fibres

Its matrix and perichondrium contain elastic fibres

56
Q

Does white fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

It is bundles of collagen fibres

57
Q

What does the matrix of white fibrocartilage contain?

A

Type I collagen fibres, chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate

58
Q

Where is white fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks/attached to bones/pubic symphysis

59
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Opposite of PTH

Produced during hypercalcaemia

60
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Clear/C/parafollicular cells

61
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which inhibit osteoclasts dissolving bone
This allows osteoblasts to form hydroxyapatite crystals

62
Q

What does PTH do during hypocalcemia?

A

Stimulates dissolution of bone
PTH binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which secrete a ligand called RANKL
RANKL binds to osteoclasts and stimulates dissolution of bone

63
Q

What crystal constitutes the main mass of bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

64
Q

Where in bone is calcium readily available?

A

In the bone fluid

65
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Phosphate + calcium - hydroxyapatite

66
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Used to be osteoblasts - trapped in surrounding mineralised bone

67
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Specialised macrophages that can destroy mineralised bone

68
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

Dissolving mineralised bone

69
Q

Why must phosphate be removed from the body immediately when bone is dissolved?

A

Equal concentrations of calcium and phosphate leads to the formation of hydroxyapatite

70
Q

What effect does PTH have on the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Excrete excess phosphate in urine

71
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy bone

72
Q

Where is the bone marrow contained?

A

The marrow cavity

73
Q

What type of organ is bone marrow?

A

Haemopoetic

74
Q

What is the outer layer of bone called?

A

Periosteum

75
Q

What is the marrow cavity lined with?

A

Endosteum - connective tissue composed of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

76
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

77
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Haemopoetic tissue and site of RBC production

78
Q

What is a haemopoetic organ?

A

Elements of blood and lymph produced

79
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Fat/adipose tissue, can convert to red bone marrow especially after severe blood loss

80
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

A Haversian/osteon system (repeating structures in compact bone)

81
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

Concentric lamellae of bones enclosing a Haversian central canal
Osteogenic cells located in lining of canal

82
Q

What are the only surfaces not covered by periosteum?

A

Articular surfaces

83
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Fork-like projections which enclose the space for red bone marrow

84
Q

Where are trabeculae found?

A

Spongy bone

85
Q

Is there a Haversian system in spongy bone?

A

No

86
Q

Function of trabeculae?

A

Provide compressive and tensile strength

87
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Divides spongy bone and articular (Hyaline) cartilage

88
Q

Why do bones need a rich blood supply?

A

Calcified matrix doesn’t allow for diffusion - it is supported by blood, nerves and lymphatic vessels

89
Q

Characteristics of long bone

A

End is epiphysis, shaft is diaphysis

Musculoskeletal system (24 decks)

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