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Musculoskeletal system > Anatomy of the upper limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper limb characterised by?

A

Its dexterity and fine motor skills

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2
Q

What are the four major segments of the upper limb?

A

Shoulder
Arm (brachium)
Forearm (anti brachium)
Hands (manus)

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3
Q

Which bones is the hand formed around?

A

The carpus, metacarpus and phalanges

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4
Q

Which three regions make up the shoulder?

A

Pectoral, scapular and deltoid

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5
Q

Which two regions make up the arm?

A

Anterior and posterior

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6
Q

Which two regions make up the forearm?

A

Anterior and posterior

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7
Q

Which five regions make up the hand?

A

Anterior/posterior wrist, palm, digits and dorsum of hand

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8
Q

What are the three functional compartments of the upper limb?

A

Anterior axio-appendicular
Posterior axio-appendicular
Scapulohumeral

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9
Q

What do the muscles of the anterior axio-appendicular compartment do?

A

Attach upper limb to trunk and move the pectoral girdle

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10
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior axis-appendicular compartment?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior

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11
Q

What do the muscles of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment do?

A

Back muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk to maintain posture and controls the vertebral column

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12
Q

Which two groups of muscles make up the posterior axis-appendicular compartment?

A

Superficial and deep

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13
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial group of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

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14
Q

Which muscles make up the deep group of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

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15
Q

What do the muscles of the scapulohumeral compartment do?

A

They pass from the scapula to the humerus and act on Glenohumeral joint

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16
Q

What are the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Deltoid
Teres Major
Rotator cuff muscles

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17
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

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18
Q

What is the axillary region?

A

The pyrimidal space inferior to the Glenohumeral Joint of at the junction of the arm and thorax

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19
Q

What does the axillary region do?

A

Provides a passageway for neuromuscular structures that serve upper limb

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20
Q

What are the two types of opposite movements that occur at the elbow joint?

A

Flexion-extension

Pronation-supination

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21
Q

What are the muscles of the flexion-anterior muscle group?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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22
Q

What muscle makes up the extension-posterior group?

A

Triceps brachii

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23
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

Appears as a depression on age anterior aspect of elbow

Filled with fat, anterior to the distal part of humerus and elbow joint

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24
Q

Which two bones are part of forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

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25
Q

Which two movements take place at the forearm?

A

Flexion-pronation (anterior)

Extension-supination (posterior)

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26
Q

What is the axillary artery an extension of?

A

The subclavian artery

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27
Q

Which regions does the axillary artery supply?

A

Axillary, pectoral and scapular regions

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28
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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29
Q

Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?

A

Anterior compartment of arm

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30
Q

Which nerve supplies muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

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31
Q

Which area does the radial nerve supply?

A

Posterior compartment of the arm

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32
Q

Which nerve supplies the shoulder region?

A

Axillary nerve

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33
Q

Which area does the axillary nerve control?

A

Deltoid and teres minor - shoulder

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34
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the ulnar and median nerves?

A

Flexor (anterior compartment) of the forearm

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35
Q

Which nerves supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Ulnar and median nerves

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36
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the radial nerve?

A

Extensor (posterior) compartment of forearm

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37
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

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38
Q

Which artery supplies the upper arm region?

A

Brachial artery

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39
Q

Which arteries supply the forearm region?

A

The radial and ulnar arteries

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40
Q

Which arteries supply the upper limb?

A

Axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar

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41
Q

Which nerves supply the upper limb?

A

Axillary, musculocutaeous, medial, ulnar, radial

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42
Q

4 muscles in anterior axio-appendicular group

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior

43
Q

Characteristics of pectoralis major

A

Breast muscle, attaches upper limb to trunk

44
Q

Characteristics of pectoralis minor

A

Sits behind major, involved in moving scapula

45
Q

Characteristics of subclavius

A

Lies under clavicle and moves it

46
Q

Characteristics of serratus anterior

A

Under armpit, protects scapula

47
Q

4 muscles of posterior axis-appendicular group

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids

48
Q

Characteristics of trapezius

A

Back of neck and upper shoulder, moves scapula

49
Q

Characteristics of latissimus dorsi

A

Stretches from arm to lower bone

50
Q

Characteristics of rhomboids

A

Runs from spine to scapula, upper limb movement

51
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle connect?

A

Sternum, clavicle and mastoid

52
Q

What symptoms accompany a fractured clavicle?

A

Shoulder drops on affected side

53
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

A

Elevates medial fragment of bone

54
Q

Which nerve causes winged scapula?

A

Long thoracic

55
Q

What does the serratus anterior muscle connect?

A

Attaches to external surface of lateral ends of the first to eighth ribs and inserts into the anterior side of medial border of the scapula

56
Q

Which nerve innervates the scapula?

57
Q

What are the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Deltoid
Teres major
Rotator cuff muscles

58
Q

Characteristics of deltoid muscle

A

Posterior of shoulder rotates arm

59
Q

Characteristics of teres major

A

Inferior scapula to proximal humerus

60
Q

Where is the supraspinatus?

A

Above clavicle

61
Q

Where is the infraspinatus?

A

Below clavicle

62
Q

Where is the teres minor?

A

Under infraspinatus

63
Q

Where is subscapularis?

A

Around back of shoulder

64
Q

Where does axillary nerve change to radial and ulnar nerves?

A

After elbow

65
Q

Which nerves are vulnerable when you fracture the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Anterior and posterior humeral arteries

66
Q

Which nerve supplies the shoulder/deltoid/teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

67
Q

What is the typical cause of injury to axillary nerve

A

Anterior/posterior dislocation of glenohumeral joint

68
Q

Characteristics of axillary nerve injury

A

Atrophy of deltoid and loss of sensation over ‘officer’s badge’ spot

69
Q

Clinical signs of ulnar injury in forearm

A

Numbness of medial 1 1/2 fingers and palm
Losing ability to adduct wrist
When attempting to flex wrist, hand is drawn laterally
Presents with ‘claw hand’
Difficulty making fist
Can’t flex 4/5th digits at distal interphalangeal joint

70
Q

Clinical signs of radial injury in forearm

A

Inability to extend thumb and metacarpophalangeal joints of other digits

71
Q

What are the anterior boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Tendons of extensor pollicis brevis

Abductor pollicis longus

72
Q

What are the posterior boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Tendons of extensor pollicis longus

73
Q

What are the contents of the anatomical box?

A 
Radial artery
Radial styloid process
Base of first metacarpal 
Scaphoid
Trapezium
74
Q

What superficial vein is found on the medial (ulnar) side of the forearm?

75
Q

Which superficial vein is found on the lateral (radial) side of the forearm?

76
Q

Where do the basilica and cephalic veins originate?

A

Dorsal venous arch

77
Q

What is the bicipital aponeurosis?

A

Separates median cubital vein and the brachial artery in the cubital fossa

78
Q

What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?

A

Connects medial epicondyle/olecranon to pisiform/hamate/metacarpal 5

79
Q

What does the Brachioradialis do?

A

Attaches lateral supercondylar ridge to distal radius

80
Q

What does the flexor digitorum superficialis do?

A

Attaches humeral head to middle phalanges of medial four fingers

81
Q

What does the flexor digitorum profundus do?

A

Attaches ulna to palmar surface of distal phalanges 2-5

82
Q

What does the flexor pollicis longus do?

A

Attaches radius to distal phalanx of thumb

83
Q

What does the pronator quadratus do?

A

Connects distal anterior ulna to distal anterior radius

84
Q

What does the extensor carpi radialis do?

A

Attaches lateral supracondylar ridge to metacarpal 2

85
Q

What does extensor carpi radialis brevis do?

A

Attaches lateral supracondylar ridge into metacarpal 3

86
Q

What does extensor carpi ulnaris do?

A

Lateral epicondyle to metacarpal 5

87
Q

What does extensor digitorum do?

A

Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansions 2-5

88
Q

What does extensor indicis do?

A

Posterior side of distal ulnar phalanx to extensor expansion of index finger

89
Q

What does extensor digiti minimi do?

A

Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansion of little finger

90
Q

What does abductor pollicis longus do?

A

Proximal radius/ulna to first metacarpal

91
Q

What does extensor pollicis brevis do?

A

Distal third of radius to base of proximal phalanx of thumb

92
Q

What does extensor pollicis longus do?

A

Middle third of ulna to base of distal phalanx of thumb

93
Q

Which muscles are in the superficial layer?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

94
Q

Which muscles are in the deep. layer?

A 
Supinator
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus 
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
95
Q

What is special about the Brachioradialis?

A

Acts with extensor compartment but is found in flexor compartment where it functions

96
Q

Which nerve supplies the Brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

97
Q

Which nerves supply the flexor compartment?

A

Ulnar and median

98
Q

Which nerve supplies the extensor compartment?

99
Q

After the elbow what happens to the brachial artery?

A

Divides into radial and ulnar

100
Q

In which tendon can you feel the radial pulse?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

101
Q

Complications of lacerating brachial artery

A

Paralysis of muscle from ischaemia
Fibrosis leads to shortening of muscle
Volkman’s ischaemic contracture

102
Q

Indications of a severed median nerve

A

Pain/tenderness in forearm
Hypoesthesia of radial 3 1/2 fingers of fingers and palm
Hand of benediction
Thenar muscle paralysis

103
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression in carpal tunnel, affects finger sensation

104
Q

What is anterior-interosseous syndrome?

A

Compression neuropathy

Inability to make ‘okay’ sign

Musculoskeletal system (24 decks)

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