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Anatomy of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper limb characterised by?

A

Its dexterity and fine motor skills

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2
Q

What are the four major segments of the upper limb?

A

Shoulder
Arm (brachium)
Forearm (anti brachium)
Hands (manus)

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3
Q

Which bones is the hand formed around?

A

The carpus, metacarpus and phalanges

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4
Q

Which three regions make up the shoulder?

A

Pectoral, scapular and deltoid

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5
Q

Which two regions make up the arm?

A

Anterior and posterior

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6
Q

Which two regions make up the forearm?

A

Anterior and posterior

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7
Q

Which five regions make up the hand?

A

Anterior/posterior wrist, palm, digits and dorsum of hand

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8
Q

What are the three functional compartments of the upper limb?

A

Anterior axio-appendicular
Posterior axio-appendicular
Scapulohumeral

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9
Q

What do the muscles of the anterior axio-appendicular compartment do?

A

Attach upper limb to trunk and move the pectoral girdle

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10
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior axis-appendicular compartment?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior

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11
Q

What do the muscles of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment do?

A

Back muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk to maintain posture and controls the vertebral column

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12
Q

Which two groups of muscles make up the posterior axis-appendicular compartment?

A

Superficial and deep

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13
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial group of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

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14
Q

Which muscles make up the deep group of the posterior axio-appendicular compartment?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

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15
Q

What do the muscles of the scapulohumeral compartment do?

A

They pass from the scapula to the humerus and act on Glenohumeral joint

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16
Q

What are the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Deltoid
Teres Major
Rotator cuff muscles

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17
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

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18
Q

What is the axillary region?

A

The pyrimidal space inferior to the Glenohumeral Joint of at the junction of the arm and thorax

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19
Q

What does the axillary region do?

A

Provides a passageway for neuromuscular structures that serve upper limb

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20
Q

What are the two types of opposite movements that occur at the elbow joint?

A

Flexion-extension

Pronation-supination

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21
Q

What are the muscles of the flexion-anterior muscle group?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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22
Q

What muscle makes up the extension-posterior group?

A

Triceps brachii

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23
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

Appears as a depression on age anterior aspect of elbow

Filled with fat, anterior to the distal part of humerus and elbow joint

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24
Q

Which two bones are part of forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

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25
Which two movements take place at the forearm?
Flexion-pronation (anterior) | Extension-supination (posterior)
26
What is the axillary artery an extension of?
The subclavian artery
27
Which regions does the axillary artery supply?
Axillary, pectoral and scapular regions
28
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
29
Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?
Anterior compartment of arm
30
Which nerve supplies muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
31
Which area does the radial nerve supply?
Posterior compartment of the arm
32
Which nerve supplies the shoulder region?
Axillary nerve
33
Which area does the axillary nerve control?
Deltoid and teres minor - shoulder
34
Which muscles are supplied by the ulnar and median nerves?
Flexor (anterior compartment) of the forearm
35
Which nerves supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Ulnar and median nerves
36
Which muscles are supplied by the radial nerve?
Extensor (posterior) compartment of forearm
37
Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
38
Which artery supplies the upper arm region?
Brachial artery
39
Which arteries supply the forearm region?
The radial and ulnar arteries
40
Which arteries supply the upper limb?
Axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar
41
Which nerves supply the upper limb?
Axillary, musculocutaeous, medial, ulnar, radial
42
4 muscles in anterior axio-appendicular group
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subclavius Serratus anterior
43
Characteristics of pectoralis major
Breast muscle, attaches upper limb to trunk
44
Characteristics of pectoralis minor
Sits behind major, involved in moving scapula
45
Characteristics of subclavius
Lies under clavicle and moves it
46
Characteristics of serratus anterior
Under armpit, protects scapula
47
4 muscles of posterior axis-appendicular group
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboids
48
Characteristics of trapezius
Back of neck and upper shoulder, moves scapula
49
Characteristics of latissimus dorsi
Stretches from arm to lower bone
50
Characteristics of rhomboids
Runs from spine to scapula, upper limb movement
51
What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle connect?
Sternum, clavicle and mastoid
52
What symptoms accompany a fractured clavicle?
Shoulder drops on affected side
53
What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?
Elevates medial fragment of bone
54
Which nerve causes winged scapula?
Long thoracic
55
What does the serratus anterior muscle connect?
Attaches to external surface of lateral ends of the first to eighth ribs and inserts into the anterior side of medial border of the scapula
56
Which nerve innervates the scapula?
C5 to C7
57
What are the scapulohumeral muscles?
Deltoid Teres major Rotator cuff muscles
58
Characteristics of deltoid muscle
Posterior of shoulder rotates arm
59
Characteristics of teres major
Inferior scapula to proximal humerus
60
Where is the supraspinatus?
Above clavicle
61
Where is the infraspinatus?
Below clavicle
62
Where is the teres minor?
Under infraspinatus
63
Where is subscapularis?
Around back of shoulder
64
Where does axillary nerve change to radial and ulnar nerves?
After elbow
65
Which nerves are vulnerable when you fracture the surgical neck of the humerus?
Anterior and posterior humeral arteries
66
Which nerve supplies the shoulder/deltoid/teres minor?
Axillary nerve
67
What is the typical cause of injury to axillary nerve
Anterior/posterior dislocation of glenohumeral joint
68
Characteristics of axillary nerve injury
Atrophy of deltoid and loss of sensation over 'officer's badge' spot
69
Clinical signs of ulnar injury in forearm
Numbness of medial 1 1/2 fingers and palm Losing ability to adduct wrist When attempting to flex wrist, hand is drawn laterally Presents with 'claw hand' Difficulty making fist Can't flex 4/5th digits at distal interphalangeal joint
70
Clinical signs of radial injury in forearm
Inability to extend thumb and metacarpophalangeal joints of other digits
71
What are the anterior boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?
Tendons of extensor pollicis brevis | Abductor pollicis longus
72
What are the posterior boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?
Tendons of extensor pollicis longus
73
What are the contents of the anatomical box?
``` Radial artery Radial styloid process Base of first metacarpal Scaphoid Trapezium ```
74
What superficial vein is found on the medial (ulnar) side of the forearm?
Basilic
75
Which superficial vein is found on the lateral (radial) side of the forearm?
Cephalic
76
Where do the basilica and cephalic veins originate?
Dorsal venous arch
77
What is the bicipital aponeurosis?
Separates median cubital vein and the brachial artery in the cubital fossa
78
What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?
Connects medial epicondyle/olecranon to pisiform/hamate/metacarpal 5
79
What does the Brachioradialis do?
Attaches lateral supercondylar ridge to distal radius
80
What does the flexor digitorum superficialis do?
Attaches humeral head to middle phalanges of medial four fingers
81
What does the flexor digitorum profundus do?
Attaches ulna to palmar surface of distal phalanges 2-5
82
What does the flexor pollicis longus do?
Attaches radius to distal phalanx of thumb
83
What does the pronator quadratus do?
Connects distal anterior ulna to distal anterior radius
84
What does the extensor carpi radialis do?
Attaches lateral supracondylar ridge to metacarpal 2
85
What does extensor carpi radialis brevis do?
Attaches lateral supracondylar ridge into metacarpal 3
86
What does extensor carpi ulnaris do?
Lateral epicondyle to metacarpal 5
87
What does extensor digitorum do?
Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansions 2-5
88
What does extensor indicis do?
Posterior side of distal ulnar phalanx to extensor expansion of index finger
89
What does extensor digiti minimi do?
Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansion of little finger
90
What does abductor pollicis longus do?
Proximal radius/ulna to first metacarpal
91
What does extensor pollicis brevis do?
Distal third of radius to base of proximal phalanx of thumb
92
What does extensor pollicis longus do?
Middle third of ulna to base of distal phalanx of thumb
93
Which muscles are in the superficial layer?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
94
Which muscles are in the deep. layer?
``` Supinator Extensor indicis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis ```
95
What is special about the Brachioradialis?
Acts with extensor compartment but is found in flexor compartment where it functions
96
Which nerve supplies the Brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
97
Which nerves supply the flexor compartment?
Ulnar and median
98
Which nerve supplies the extensor compartment?
Radial
99
After the elbow what happens to the brachial artery?
Divides into radial and ulnar
100
In which tendon can you feel the radial pulse?
Flexor carpi radialis
101
Complications of lacerating brachial artery
Paralysis of muscle from ischaemia Fibrosis leads to shortening of muscle Volkman's ischaemic contracture
102
Indications of a severed median nerve
Pain/tenderness in forearm Hypoesthesia of radial 3 1/2 fingers of fingers and palm Hand of benediction Thenar muscle paralysis
103
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Compression in carpal tunnel, affects finger sensation
104
What is anterior-interosseous syndrome?
Compression neuropathy | Inability to make 'okay' sign

Musculoskeletal system (24 decks)

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