Cells and tissue types Flashcards
What is a tissue?
A group of similar (not identical) cells working to carry out a function
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What is connective tissue?
Used for mechanical support, e.g. fibroblasts/chondrocytes/adipocytes
What is epithelial tissue?
Covers organ surfaces and provides a barrier between organs and the external environment
What do muscles cells do?
Locomotion and movement within organs
What are macrophages?
Phagocytes involved in immune system
Phagocytose foreign material in connective tissue layer
Antigen presenting cells
Develop from monocytes - can have specialised names in different environments
Can you distinguish between macrophages and fibroblasts?
No
What are the sic types of immune cell?
Esinophil Basophil Macrophage Erythrocyte Lymphocyte Neutrophil
What are neurons?
Cells of CNS and peripheral nervous system
What are the five classifications of epithelia?
Simple Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnal
What are simple epithelial cells?
One layer
What are stratified epithelial cells?
Multiple layers
What are squamous epithelial cells?
Flattened cells
What are cuboidal epithelial cells?
Cube-shaped cells
What are columnar epithelial cells?
Column/rectangle shaped
Which type of cell occupies the space between cellular and fibrous elements of connective tissue?
Proteoglycans, they determine the permeability of connective tissue to solutes and proteins
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
What three components make up hyaline cartilage?
Chondrocytes
Type ii collagen fibres
Extracellular matrix
What is the fatal skeleton made out of and why does this change?
Hyaline cartilage but this is reabsorbed and replaced by bone
How does elastic cartilage differ to hyaline cartilage?
The ECM contains more elastin
Characteristics of fibrocartilage
Opaque
Little proteoglycans but lots of collagen I
Highly compressive and strong
What is adipose tissue?
Fat - loose tissue with adipocytes
Function of adipose tissue
insulation, energy storage, protection
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Characteristics of simple squamous cells
Single layer of flat cells and flat nuclei
Involved in diffusion across layer they form
Examples of simple squamous cells
Endothelium and mesothelium
What does mesothelium do?
Lines body cavities
Characteristics of simple cuboidal cells
Single layer of cube-like cells
Common in glands and ducts e.g. kidney tubules
Often polarised
Used in absorption and secretion
What is a polarised cell?
Top and bottom of cell have different functions
Characteristics of simple columnar cells
Single layer of tall cells
Height varies depending on function
Nuclei often seen on basal part of cell
Example of simple columnar cells
Goblet cells (produce mucous), found in digestive tract lining
Characteristics of pseudo stratified cells
Single layer of cells with varying heights
Often looks like double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated
Examples of pseudo-stratified cells
Basal and columnar cells
May function in absorption and secretion
Characteristics of stratified squamous cells
Most common
Can be keratinised or non-keratinised
Basal cells proliferate and replace differentiated cells on outer surface
Example of stratified squamous cells
Skin/oesophagus
Characteristics of connective tissue
Most abundant tissue
Found everywhere in body
Functions of connective tissue
Binds tissue together
Supports body
Inflammatory response
Which types of cells are present in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Macrophages
What is connective tissue made from?
Fibres and extracellular matrix - made from collagen and elastic
What are the two types of connective tissue?
Loose and dense
What are the two types of dense connective tissue? Give examples
Dense regular - tendons
Dense irregular - skin
Function of dense regular connective tissue
Resistance to traction forces
it is collagenous and has lots of connective tissue
What does collagenous mean?
Regular orientation of collagen, low cellularity
What is elastic tissue?
Elastin clearly visible inside trichrome
Function of dense irregular connective tissue
Mechanical support
Characteristics of loose connective tissue
Cellular and contains excess fluid
Structural support of epithelia of major organs
Transports cells and materials
Most common connective tissue
Function of fibroblasts
Synthesises collagen and components of extracellular matrix
Characteristics of fibroblasts
Enlarged nuclei, small amount of cytoplasm, elongated shape