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Bio 30 > DNA Test > Flashcards

DNA Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

To store and transmit the genetic info that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them.

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2
Q

Full name of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Where is DNA located

A

Found in the nucleic of every living cell

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4
Q

DNA is the only molecule that can ____________

A

Replicating itself

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5
Q

How does DNA determine physical characteristics

A

Within DNA are genes, those are what determine physical features

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6
Q

Function Of protiens

A

Form the structural units of cells and help control chemical processes within cells

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7
Q

What are nucleotides

A

The basic unit of DNA

Each DNA molecule consists of two long chains of nucleotides

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8
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Three parts:
sugar molecule - deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base (the type alternates)

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9
Q

Name the four Nitrogen bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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10
Q

How is the ladder shape made in DNA

A

The phosphate group and sugar create two chains, and the nitrogen group connects them

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11
Q

What is a purine

A

A nitrogen base that has 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Ex Adenine and guanine

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12
Q

What is a pyrimidines

A

A nitrogen base that has one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Ex thymine and cytosine

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13
Q

What is the name of the shape DNA is in

A

A double helix

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14
Q

What are the complementary base pairs

A

Cytosine bonds with guanine

Adenine bonds with thymine

These pairs are made with hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What is helicases

A

An enzyme that separates the two chains of nucleotides in DNA

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16
Q

What is a replication fork

A

The point in which the 2 nucleotide chains separate

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17
Q

What is a DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that hooks together new complementary base Pairs in replication.

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18
Q

What is replication

A

The process of copying DNA in a cell

19
Q

What is the purpose of replication

A

When new cells are needed to replace or grow, DNA must first be replicated, so a new set of chromosomes can be placed in the new cells.

20
Q

Explain the process of replication

A

First, the two strands of nuclear tides are separated by the enzyme helicase by breaking the hydrogen bond between the complementary pairs.

As the STRANDS, separate new nucleotides bind with their complimentary base pairs and are hooked together by the enzyme polymerase forming 2 double-stranded DNA molecules

21
Q

How is DNA semi conservative

A

That every strand of DNA is made of one original set of bases, had 1 newly created strand.

22
Q

Three ways that r n a is different from d n a

A

RNA has ribose sugar insetad of deoxyribose, sugar

Thymine is replaced by uracil

RNA is made up of one strand

23
Q

How is DNA important in protien synthesis

A

The d n a of the organism will serve as the instructions for making the protien.

24
Q

Name the two separate stages in protein synthesis

A

Transcription and translation

25
Q

Describe trans scription

A

1: Rna polymerase binds to the promoter on the template chain of DNA

2: The two chains of the DNA molecules separate near the promoter

3: Rna Polymerase Attaches to the first DNA nucleotide of the template chain

4: Complementary rna nucleotides are added to the newly forming RNA molecule

5: RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal and releases the DNA and RNA a molecules

26
Q

What is messenger RNA

A

A type RNA that carries genetic information to make protiens from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytosil

27
Q

How is Messenger rna produced And where

A

Messenger rna is the product of transcription. It is made in the nucleus

28
Q

The function of transfer rna

A

Bring the amino acids and put them in the correct order based on the messenger rna codons.

29
Q

What is ribosomes RNA

A

Joined by proteins, r-RNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made

30
Q

The shape of the 3 types of RNA

A

M - RNA : single uncoiled chain
T-RNA: folded into a hairpin shape
R-RNA: consist of RNA nucleotides in a globular form

31
Q

What is transcription

A

The process by which genetic information is copied from d n a to rna

32
Q

What is a promoter

A

It marks the beginning of a DNA chain

33
Q

What is an RNA polymerase

A

The primary transcription enzyme synthesizes rna copies of specific sequences of d n a

34
Q

What is a termination signal

A

A specific sequence of nucleotides that mark the end of a gene. This ends the transcription

35
Q

What is genetic code

A

A correlation between a niculotide sequence and amino acid sequence

36
Q

What is a codon

A

A combination of three messenger r n a nucleotides

37
Q

What is an anticodon

A

A combination of three transfer rna nucleotides

38
Q

What is protein made of

A

Specific sequences of amino acids

39
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

A chains of aminos acids particular sequence

40
Q

What are start and stop code ons

A

Codons that do not
Create amino acids, but instead signal for translation of m- RNA To start or stop

41
Q

What is translation

A

The process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in m-RNA

42
Q

Where does translation take place

A

In the ribosom of the cell

43
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

1: Begins, when a ribosome attaches to, the start codon in mRNA.
2: The anticodon pairs with the start codon
3: As a ribosome, move along an M-RNA Transcript. Each m-RNA codone is sequentially paired with a t-RNA anticodon
4: The pairing of codons causes the specified amino acid to attach to the previously translated amino acid.
5: This continues until it reaches the stop code on

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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