DNA Test Flashcards
What is the function of DNA
To store and transmit the genetic info that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them.
Full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Where is DNA located
Found in the nucleic of every living cell
DNA is the only molecule that can ____________
Replicating itself
How does DNA determine physical characteristics
Within DNA are genes, those are what determine physical features
Function Of protiens
Form the structural units of cells and help control chemical processes within cells
What are nucleotides
The basic unit of DNA
Each DNA molecule consists of two long chains of nucleotides
What are nucleotides made up of?
Three parts:
sugar molecule - deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base (the type alternates)
Name the four Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
How is the ladder shape made in DNA
The phosphate group and sugar create two chains, and the nitrogen group connects them
What is a purine
A nitrogen base that has 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Ex Adenine and guanine
What is a pyrimidines
A nitrogen base that has one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Ex thymine and cytosine
What is the name of the shape DNA is in
A double helix
What are the complementary base pairs
Cytosine bonds with guanine
Adenine bonds with thymine
These pairs are made with hydrogen bonds
What is helicases
An enzyme that separates the two chains of nucleotides in DNA
What is a replication fork
The point in which the 2 nucleotide chains separate
What is a DNA polymerase
An enzyme that hooks together new complementary base Pairs in replication.
What is replication
The process of copying DNA in a cell
What is the purpose of replication
When new cells are needed to replace or grow, DNA must first be replicated, so a new set of chromosomes can be placed in the new cells.
Explain the process of replication
First, the two strands of nuclear tides are separated by the enzyme helicase by breaking the hydrogen bond between the complementary pairs.
As the STRANDS, separate new nucleotides bind with their complimentary base pairs and are hooked together by the enzyme polymerase forming 2 double-stranded DNA molecules
How is DNA semi conservative
That every strand of DNA is made of one original set of bases, had 1 newly created strand.
Three ways that r n a is different from d n a
RNA has ribose sugar insetad of deoxyribose, sugar
Thymine is replaced by uracil
RNA is made up of one strand
How is DNA important in protien synthesis
The d n a of the organism will serve as the instructions for making the protien.
Name the two separate stages in protein synthesis
Transcription and translation
Describe trans scription
1: Rna polymerase binds to the promoter on the template chain of DNA
2: The two chains of the DNA molecules separate near the promoter
3: Rna Polymerase Attaches to the first DNA nucleotide of the template chain
4: Complementary rna nucleotides are added to the newly forming RNA molecule
5: RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal and releases the DNA and RNA a molecules
What is messenger RNA
A type RNA that carries genetic information to make protiens from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytosil
How is Messenger rna produced And where
Messenger rna is the product of transcription. It is made in the nucleus
The function of transfer rna
Bring the amino acids and put them in the correct order based on the messenger rna codons.
What is ribosomes RNA
Joined by proteins, r-RNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made
The shape of the 3 types of RNA
M - RNA : single uncoiled chain
T-RNA: folded into a hairpin shape
R-RNA: consist of RNA nucleotides in a globular form
What is transcription
The process by which genetic information is copied from d n a to rna
What is a promoter
It marks the beginning of a DNA chain
What is an RNA polymerase
The primary transcription enzyme synthesizes rna copies of specific sequences of d n a
What is a termination signal
A specific sequence of nucleotides that mark the end of a gene. This ends the transcription
What is genetic code
A correlation between a niculotide sequence and amino acid sequence
What is a codon
A combination of three messenger r n a nucleotides
What is an anticodon
A combination of three transfer rna nucleotides
What is protein made of
Specific sequences of amino acids
What is a polypeptide
A chains of aminos acids particular sequence
What are start and stop code ons
Codons that do not
Create amino acids, but instead signal for translation of m- RNA To start or stop
What is translation
The process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in m-RNA
Where does translation take place
In the ribosom of the cell
Describe the process of translation
1: Begins, when a ribosome attaches to, the start codon in mRNA.
2: The anticodon pairs with the start codon
3: As a ribosome, move along an M-RNA Transcript. Each m-RNA codone is sequentially paired with a t-RNA anticodon
4: The pairing of codons causes the specified amino acid to attach to the previously translated amino acid.
5: This continues until it reaches the stop code on
