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NMSK 2 > DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of neuron

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudounipolar neuron

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2
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A 
One axon
Multiple dendrites 
Common 
Groups are called nuclei 
Inside the CNS
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3
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

Single axon
Single dendrite
Uncommon, except in special sensory pathways
Inside CNS

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4
Q

Describe pseudounipolar neurons

A

Single process leaves the cell body and divides in two
Mainly general sensory neurons
Cell bodies grouped in ganglia
Exist outside of the CNS within the PNS

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5
Q

What are afferent neurons

A

Sensory

Carry impulse towards the CNS

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6
Q

What are efferent neurons

A

Motor

Carry impulses away from the CNS

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7
Q

What are interneurons

A

Relay

Connects two points of the CNS

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8
Q

Give 5 examples of sensory neurons

A 
Chemoreceptors 
Pain receptors 
Thermoreceptors 
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
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9
Q

How do you go from a stimulus to nerve impulse

A

Stimulus detected
Causes influx of Na+ into neuron, if this causes a change equal to or greater then threshold potential, voltage-gated Na channels open
This allows more Na to diffuse into cell depolarising the membrane
Causing an action potential to begin

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10
Q

What are the main structural divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • Enteric nervous system (ENS)
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11
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What structures makes up the PNS

A

Cranial and spinal nerves and autonomies

Nerves outside the CNS

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13
Q

What is the ENS

A

Enteric control and GIT

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14
Q

What are the different types of neuronal junctions

A
  • synapses
  • neuromuscular junctions
  • neuroglandular junctions
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15
Q

What are synapses

A

Neurone-to-neurone
Can be excitatory or inhibitory in type
Only in grey matter

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16
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions

A

Neurone-to-muscle fibres

Always excitatory in case of skeletal muscle

17
Q

What are neuroglandular junctions

A

Neurons-to-glandular cells

Most secretory glands

18
Q

What type of neurones are multipolar

A

Efferent (motor) neurones

Interneurones

19
Q

What are nuclei in terms of neurons

A

Groups of such nerve cell bodies in the CNS

20
Q

What type of neurons are bipolar

A 
Afferent (sensory ) neurons 
Restricted mainly to the special sensory pathways:
-vision
-taste 
-hearing
-balance
21
Q

What type of neurones are (pseudo)unipolar neurons

A

General sensory neurones

22
Q

What are ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

23
Q

What are intumescences

A

Physical enlargement of cord due to having lots of motor neurons.

24
Q

Give an example of intumescences in the body

A
  • cervical enlargement- forelimb

- lumbar enlargement - hindlimb

25
Q

How do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

A

Through the intervertebral foramina

26
Q

How do we name spinal nerves

A

Cervical- named by the vertebrae behind them except the C8 nerve which roots caudal to C7
All others-named by the vertebrae above them

27
Q

Why are there is a C8 root and only 7 Cervical vertebrae

A

During evolution C0. And C1 fused so C1 root exits through the atlas (C1 vertebrae )

28
Q

What are the sections of the spinal cord and what do they contain

A
  • Dorsal median septum/ventral median fissure
  • White matter- dorsal columns ascending (sensory) tract and ventral columns descending (motor) tract
  • Grey matter- neurons, synapses, dorsal horn-sensory neurons, lateral horn- atomic neurons, ventral horn- motor neurons
  • central canal (continuous with ventricles in the brain)
29
Q

What are the two main components of spinal nerves

A

Roots

Rami

30
Q

What fills the vertebral canal once the spinal cord terminates

A

The cauda equina

31
Q

Where do we administer epidurals

A

Into the space around the nerves of the cauda equina

32
Q

What are the 3 sections of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
33
Q

Where does the dog spinal cord terminate

A

L6/7

34
Q

Where does the cat spinal cord terminate

A

S3

35
Q

Where does the horse spinal cord terminate

A

S1

36
Q

Where does the cow spinal cord terminate

A

L7

NMSK 2 (22 decks)

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