AXIAL SYSTEM

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton

Answer 1

The bones forming the axis or centre of the animal

Bones of the head,neck,vertebral column,ribs (pelvis), and tail

Question 2

What are the 2 groups of bones in the skull

Answer 2

• Cranium (neurocranium )

- Face (bones of face)

Question 3

What are the functions of the skull

Answer 3

-protection of brain
-provides insertion surfaces for facial and chewing muscles
-establishes oral and nasal cavity
-forms the jaw and provides space for teeth
Forms spaces for sensory organs

Question 4

How are the bones of the cranium formed

Answer 4

Membranous ossification

Question 5

How many bones make up the neurocranium

Answer 5

7

Question 6

Name the bones that make up the neurocranium

Answer 6

• Frontal bone
• Parietal bone
• Interparietal bone
• Temporal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Occipital bone
• Sphenoid bone

Question 7

Name the bones of the face

Answer 7

• Nasal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Maxilla
• Incisive bone
• Palatine bone
• Pterygoid bone
• Vomer

Question 8

What type of joints are found in the skull

Answer 8

Fibrous joints and synovial joints

Question 9

Where do fibrous joints occur in the skull

Answer 9

In between the flat bones of the skull (are called sutures)

Question 10

Give examples of synovial joints in the skull

Answer 10

Temporo-mandibular joint
Hyoid bone (apparatus)
Atlantooccipital joint

Question 11

What is the function of the vertebrae column

Answer 11

• protection of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves
• weight bearing and insertion for muscles
• mobility,flexibility and locomotion

Question 12

List the long vertebral ligaments

Answer 12

• Nuchal ligament
• Supraspinous ligament
• Ventral longitudinal ligament
• Dorsal longitudinal ligament

Question 13

What do the long vertebral ligaments do

Answer 13

Hold the vertebral column in place

Question 14

Describe the nuchal ligament

Answer 14

Origin= occipital bone (skull)
Insertion= 3/4 T vertebrae
Is less prominent is small domestic species
Cats don’t have one

Question 15

What is the origin and insertion of the supraspinous ligament

Answer 15

Origin= 3 T vertebrae 
Insertion= sacrum

Question 16

Origin and insertion of the ventral longitudinal ligament

Answer 16

Origin= 8 T vertebrae 
Insertion = sacrum

Question 17

Origin and insertion of the dorsal longitudinal ligament

Answer 17

Origin= vertebral canal (neck)
Insertion= sacrum

Question 18

Name the short vertebral ligaments and where they occur

Answer 18

• Interspinous - between the spinous processes
• Intertransverse - between the transverse processes
• Interarcuate/ flavum - between the vertebral arches

Question 19

What type of joints are found in the vertebral column

Answer 19

Synovial and cartilaginous

Question 20

What are intervertebral discs

Answer 20

They lie between adjacent vertebrae - forming a fibrocartilage us joint
Have low mobility
Are made up of a nucleus purposes and fibrous ring which resist pressure and tension

Question 21

Where do you find intervertebral discs

Answer 21

Are between all vertebrae except C1&C2 and the sacral vertebrae (as they are fused)

Question 22

List the types of vertebrae in a cranial to caudal direction

Answer 22

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral 
Coccygeal

Question 23

How many cervical vertebrae do mammals have

Answer 23

7

Question 24

Which joint joins the skull to the vertebrae column

Answer 24

Atlanto-occipital joint

Question 25

What bone are involved at the Atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 25

Between the condylar of the occipital bone and cranial articular fovea of atlas (C1)
Is a ellipsoid joint

Question 26

What movements does the atlanto-occipital joint allow

Answer 26

Allows dorsal and ventral flexion (yes joint)

Question 27

Which bones are involved in the atlanto-axial joint

Answer 27

Is a pivot joint

Occurs between atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

Question 28

What movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow

Answer 28

Allows rotation around axis

Allows head to move side to side- No joint