Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

Question

Cell Membrane

Answer 1

Semi-permeable membrane that allows the movement of substances (nutrients, wastes) in and out of the cell

Answer 2

Bridge structure that allows for passage of DNA between cells in sexual reproduction

Answer 3

Fluid medium; contain dissolved nutrients, minerals, and salts

Answer 4

Genetic material that contains genes for making protein Continuous loop that makes a single chromosome

Answer 5

Small rings of additional DNA that float freely in the cytoplasm

Answer 6

Involved in the production of protein

Answer 7

Cocci (coccus) - round shape Bacilli (bacillus) - rod shape Spirilli (spirillum) - spiral shape

Answer 8

Diplo - pairs Staphylo - clusters Strept - chains

Answer 9

Gram stain (Hans Gram) shows basic differences in the arrangement of amino acid and sugar molecules in bacterial cell walls Gram positive bacteria - thick protein layer on cell wall and stain purple Gram negative bacteria - thin protein layer on cell wall and stain pink

Answer 10

Binary Fission: 1. Copy of DNA (single chromosome) 2. After reaching a certain size, it elongates, separating the 2 chromosomes 3. Cell builds a partition, septum, between them 4. Cell splits into 2 identical cells In favourable conditions - 20 min (exponential growth) Limitations: environment, food resources, waste build-up (toxic)

Answer 11

Conjugation: 1. Bacterial cells link through pili 2. One bacterium transfers all/part of its chromosomes to the other (plasmid may also be transferred) 3. Bacteria with new genetic makeup produce new cells through binary fission Can go dormant forming endospores to survive unfavourable conditions

Answer 12

Tough outer covering that surrounds their DNA and a small amount of the cytoplasm

Answer 13

Obtain energy and nutrients by performing photosynthesis, decomposing dead organisms/wastes, or breaking down chemical compounds

Answer 14

Autotrophic (some): make own food from raw material - Photosynthetic: photosynthesis - Chemosynthetic: make food from the chemicals in the environment Heterotrophic (most): cannot make own food and obtain food from an outside source - Parasitic: live on or in other things - Saprophytic: live off dead organic matter or wastes

Answer 15

- create food products (yogurt) - fermentation (brewing) - agriculture (composting) - killing plant pests - biotechnology (fuels, medicine) - genetic engineering (enzymes) - gene therapy - clean up spills and toxic waste

Answer 16

Smallest and simplest microorganism. Not a living organism, since they have no cellular structure - no growth, repair, replication. Not capable of independent survival (evolved after 1st cells). First viewed in 1950 through early electron microscope, now 160 major groups.

Answer 17

20nm - 400 nm 1. DNA/RNA genetic material (single/double-stranded or fragmented) 2. Protein coat - capsid (determined by the arrangement of viral proteins) 3. Receptors - attach to specific host cells on specific receptor sites on the plasma membrane of the host cell

Answer 18

1. Helical 2. Polyhedral 3. Enveloped 4. Complex

Answer 19

According to what type of diseases they cause. Human viruses - 21 groups

Answer 20

Major increase in disease occurrence

Answer 21

An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very large area, crossing international boundaries and affecting a lot of people

Answer 22

Lytic cycle: 1. Attachment - attaches to host cell via receptors 2. Entry - enters cell bty injecting nucleic acid or creating a vacuole that is later released - injects DNA into host cell 3. Synthesis - host cell replicates viral DNA 4. Assembly - new viruses are made (coat and DNA) 5. Release - lysis - cell bursts, releasing new viruses 20 - 40 minutes. 100s of new viruses.

Answer 23

- invade the cell but do not kill it - virus is in a dormant state within the cell - it is a provirus - viral genetic material is integrated into cell DNA, and passed to the daughter cells - may be later activated by stimuli

Answer 24

Contain enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which causes the host cell to copy the viral RNA into DNA. Retroviral DNA is integrated into host DNA (now called provirus) Example: HIV

Answer 25

Structure, genome type, host type, and transmission mechanism

Answer 26

Some viruses develop an envelope made of the hosts cell membrane when it envelops the virus as it exits the cell by budding from the surface. Contains embedded viral proteins

Answer 27

1. Type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) 2. Number of strands ( single/double) 3. RNA genomes vary in sense of strands (positive or negative) 4. Structure (circular, linear, fragmented)

Answer 28

An intermediate organism that some viruses need in order to be transmitted from one type of host to another

Answer 29

A virus that is transmitted from an animal to humans (i.e. from rats or bats)

Answer 30

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) the first virus to be identified and described

Answer 31

Adenoviruses and papillomaviruses

Answer 32

Gives an advantage, since when 2+ viruses of the same type (i.e. influenza viruses) infect the same cell, they are able to rearrange. New virus subtypes can arrise, making it more effective and able to infect a greater variety of hosts

Answer 33

Rhinovirus

Answer 34

HIV, Adenoviruses, Zika, T7 (bacteriophage), TMV (plants are bred to resist)

Answer 35

Rabies, Influenza A, Coronaviruses, Ebola, Papillomaviruses

Answer 36

Papillomas - warts Symptoms: benign growths (warts) on skin, respiratory tract, or genitals; several types of cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause genital warts and cancer

Answer 37

Concern to pregnant women due to the possibility of their children bein born with microcephaly or other neurological defects

Answer 38

Human immunodeficiency Virus Acquired immunodificiency syndrom - advanced stages of HIV Infects and destroys immune cells, so the more the infection progresses, the less the person can fight back

Answer 39

The invasion of germs (i.e. bacteria, viruses) where they attack and multiply, which causes illness

Answer 40

White blood cells that swallow and digest germs, and dead or dying cells. Leave behind part of the germ, antigen, which the body identifies as dangerous and stimulates to attack.

Answer 41

Attack the antigens left behind by the macrophages Produced by B-lymphocytes

Answer 42

Defensive white blood cells

Answer 43

Another type of defensive white blood cell. Attack cells in the body that have already been infected.

Answer 44

It can take several days to make and use germ-fighting tools against a new germ. After, the body keeps a few T-lymphocytes (memory cells) that act quickly if the same germ is encountered again When familiar antigens are detected, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them

Answer 45

Help develop immunity by immitating an infection. Do not cause illness, but do get the body to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies. May cause minor symptoms. Leaves the body with a supply of "memory" T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes Takes a few weeks, so if infected right before or after, can get disease

Answer 46

- how it infects cells and how the immune system responds to it - regions of the world where the vaccine would be used (affect the strain of a virus and environmental conditions) (delivery option may depend on this)

Answer 47

- fight viruses - contain a version of the living virus but weakened - closest thing to a natural infection, good teachers for the immune system - not everyone can receive (children with weakened immune systems) - Examples: measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR), varicella (chickenpox)

Answer 48

- fight viruses - made by inactivating/killing the virus - produce immune responses in different ways that live vaccines (multiple doses often required) - Example: incativated polio vaccine

Answer 49

- fight bacteria that produce toxins in the body - toxins are weakened (called toxoids) for the vaccine - Example: DTaP (diptheria and tetanus toxins)

Answer 50

- include inly parts (subunits) of the virus/bacteria, not the entire germ - only the essential antigen - side effects are less common - Example: pertussis (whooping cough) component of DTaP vaccine

Answer 51

- fight a different type of bacteria - bacteria have antigens with outer coating of sugar-like substance (polysaccharide), which disguises it from a child's immature immune system - vaccines connect the polysaccharides to antigens that the immune system responds to - Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) vaccine

Answer 52

1. Primarily inactivated vaccines - first dose does not provide total immunity, more is needed - Ex: vaccine against Hib, meningitis 2. Booster - DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine give children immunity through 4 shots. After a while, it wears off, so booster is needed (4 through 6 y.o., another at 11/12 y.o.) 3. Primarily live vaccines - more than one dose needed for best immune response - Ex: MMR vaccine 4. Flu vaccine - virus is different from year to year

Answer 53

- prokaryotes, unicellular - live in extreme environments - live without oxygen (anaerobic) - obtain energy from inorganic molecules or light

Answer 54

Extreme hot temperatures: unusual lipids (fats) that remain stable Extreme cold conditions: high contents of other fatty substances that remain fluid and functional

Answer 55

Similarities: - prokaryotes (no nucleus/organelles) - unicellular - common ancestor Bacteria: - cell walls from peptoglycen - cannot survive extreme conditions - more standard energy production Archaea: - call walls from different material - survive extreme conditions - less standard energy procedure

Answer 56

Methane-producing archaea: - live in oxygen-free environments (below swamps, marshes - use CO2, N2 gas, hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy and produce methane as waste

Answer 57

Salt-loving archaea: - live in extremely saline environments (i.e. salty pools) - so well adapted, could not live in weaker salt solutions

Answer 58

Heat- and acid-loving archaea: - live in extremely hot (above 80C) and acidic environments - ex: hot sulfur springs, volcanoes, deep sea vents

Answer 59

Early atmosphere lacked oxygen - made of water vapour, methane, and ammonia Alexander Oparin (1930s) hypothesized that life began in the ocean. Sun's energy and electrical energy from lightning caused chemical reactions in the atmosphere = organic compounds

Answer 60

Because archaean enzymes can withstand extreme conditions, they are better to use in biotechnology and industry. They do not break down as easily, so reduce costs and create new biotechnology techniques for harsh conditions. Ex: PCR requires cycling of enzymes between high and low temperatures for copying, standard enzymes are destroyed, archaean survive. Now fully automated procedure

Answer 61

- eukaryotic - most are aerobic and unicellular (can be colonial) - moist environments - 200 000 species

Answer 62

- in some ecological food webs, play producer and decomposer roles - food source and oxygen producers (algae) - medicine for high blood pressure, digestion, arthritis

Answer 63

Animal-like: - heterotrophs (injest other organisms/dead matter) - unicellular - no complex systems (nervous system) - classified based on how they move and where they live: 1. Zoomastigina/Flagellates (flagella) 2. Sarcodina/Pseudopods (false legs out of cytoplasm - pseudopodia) 3. Ciliaphora/Ciliates (cilia) 4. Sporozoa/Sporozoans (parasites - non-motile)

Answer 64

Zoomastigina/zooflagellates: the motorboats - free-living in fresh water and marine habitats - whip-like extension (flagella) to move - some cause diseases, like Giardia lamblia (diarrhea)

Answer 65

Sarcodina: the blobs - most are free-living - no cell wall - move using pseudopodia - plasma (cytoplasm) extensions - engulf bits of food by phagocytosis - flowing around and over food particles - reproduce by binary fission

Answer 66

Ciliaphora: the hairy ones - live in fresh water and marine habitats - move by beating tiny hairs - cilia - usually reproduce by binary fission, but can reproduce sexually by conjugation

Answer 67

Sporozoa: the parasites - non-motile - must live inside a host - one causes malaria (plasmodium) (2 hosts)

Answer 68

Plant-like: - autotrophic (photosynthetic) - can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial - 4 main groups: 1. Algae 2. Euglenophyta/Euglenoids 3. Chrysophyes/Diatoms 4. Pyrrophyta/Dinoflagellates

Answer 69

- unicellular/multicelluar - photosynthetic and have chlorophyll - can be red, green, or brown - no roots, stems or leaves

Answer 70

- Euglenophyta - aquatic - move around like animals (flagella) - photosynthetic in light - heterotrophic in dark - reproduce asexually by binary fission

Answer 71

- Chrysophyes - have shells made if silica so are glass-like - photosynthetic pigments called carotenoids give them a golden colour

Answer 72

- Pyrrophyta - spin around using two flagella - cause Red Tides - form toxins that can kill animals and sometimes people

Answer 73

The moulds: - heterotrophic: saprophytic - live in cool, damp habitats - have cell walls - reproduce with spores - 2 main types: 1. Slime moulds (Oomycotes) 2. Water moulds (Myxomycotes)

Answer 74

- eukaryotic kingdom that includes mushrooms, mildews, moulds, yeasts - heterotrophs: release digestive enzymes into surroundings callled extracellular digestion - non-motile - plant-like since they have cell walls (but made of chitin) - few are unicellular (yeast) - majority are multicellular: bodies made of hyphae - most are saprophytes (decomposers) - recycle nutrients - some are parasitic (athlete's foot, ringworm) - many fungi live in symbiotic relationships - origins unknown - may have evolved separately from more than 1 origin

Answer 75

- decomposers - Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth of most plants - human nutrition (mushrooms) - agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages - penicillin

Answer 76

Network of fine filaments Divide hyphae into individual cells Loose branching network of hyphae

Answer 77

Mycorrhiza (fungus-root): - mutualistic fungi that live in close contact with roots of trees - plant photosynthesizes, fungus takes up nutrients and water Lichens: - mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They comprise a fungus living with algae or cyanobacterium.

Answer 78

Sac Fungi: - largest group - yeast cells, morels, truffles - lichen

Answer 79

Club Fungi: - common mushrooms

Answer 80

Zygote Fungi: - zygote forming fungi - bread molds

Answer 81

Imperfect Fungi: - only have an asexual phase - athlete's foot - where we get penicilin

Answer 82

Pieces of hyphae break off and grow into new mycelia

Answer 83

May be asexual (mitosis) or sexual (meiosis)

Answer 84

Diploid structures that develop after hyphae of opposite types (+,-) combine. Remains dormant until favourable conditions return. 3rd hyphae (sporangiophore) is formed in which asexual spores develop

Answer 85

Reproductive structures on mushrooms that produce basidiospores on club-shaped hyphae called basidia

Answer 86

- multicelular, eukaryotic, autotrophs - cell wall (cellulose) - non-motile - classified based on: presence/absence of vascular tissue and seeds

Answer 87

- have no vascular tissue (roots, stems, leaves, tubes of xylem and phloem) - dependent on diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients - don't have roots, but have root-like structures - have male and female gametes - limited growth - dependant on water - phyla: 1. Mosses (Bryophytes) 2. Liverworts (Hepatophytes) 3. Hornworts (Anthocerophytes)

Answer 88

Vascular tissues conducting water and minerals Vascular tissues conducting food

Answer 89

- have organ systems: roots, stemes, leave Pteriodophytae (without seeds) Angiosperms and gymnosperms (with seeds; do not have to live in water)

Answer 90

- first seedless vascular plants (mostly extict) - have vascular tissue, so grow tall - dispersed by windblown spores - gametes need moisture to reproduce sexually (sperm is flagellated), so limited to moist environments - phyla: 1. Club Mosses (Lycopodophytes) 2. Horsetails (Sphenophytes) 3. Ferns (Pteridophytes) 4. Whisk Ferns (Psilotophytes)

Answer 91

- plant organ that contains embryo with a food supply, covered by a protective coat - advantages: 1. protection from environment (cold, dry conditions) 2. doesn't need water 3. can be carried over long distances

Answer 92

Conifers ("naked seed") - have seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales - all cone bearing plants (fir, spruce, cedar) - advantages: 1. cone shaped - snow slides off 2. bark - protects stem, reduces water loss 3. needles - reduces rate of evaporation 4. evergreen - don't shed all needls at once

Answer 93

- main reproductive structures - male cones are soft and short lives (sperm) - female cones are hard and long lived (eggs) - wind moves pollen (sperm) to fertilize eggs

Answer 94

"Flowering plants": - plant that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit - include flowers, trees, shrubs, grasses, and herbs - reproductive structures are part of the flower and the fertilized zygote is the seeds that grow in it - fruit - a mature ovary that protects and disperses dormant seeds - advantages: 1. Scented and colourful which helps pollination 2. Reproduce sexually 3. Can self pollinate 4. Fruit helps with seed dispersal 5. 47% of them are polyploid (3+ chromosomes) - divided into 2 classes based on number of seed leaves inside the seed (cotyledons) 1. Monocot (one seed leaf) 2. Dicot (two seed leaves)

Answer 95

1. Reproduce asexually (fast & greater numbers) 2. Even number of chromosomes: - produces larger fruit - ex. Potatoes (4n), apples, strawberries - ex. Wheat: 6n for bread 3. Odd number of chromosomes: - sterile – can’t pair during meiosis - ex: seedless fruit, less bitter cucumbers

Answer 96

- important food and oxygen source (photosynthesis) - products like paper, rubber, wood and cotton - medicine derived from plants

Answer 97

1. Gametophyte: This is the haploid stage, meaning it has one set of chromosomes. It produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis. 2. Fertilization: When a sperm and an egg unite, they form a diploid zygote, which has two sets of chromosomes. 3. Sporophyte: The zygote grows into the diploid sporophyte, which produces spores through meiosis. These spores are haploid. 4. Spores: Spores grow into new gametophytes, completing the cycle.