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biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Function of a transportation system

A

Keeps the body in a state of general physical well being by:
1. Delivering oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body and removing waste carbon dioxide
2. Serving as a pathway from one part of the body to another for disease fighting agents, hormones, and other chemical messengers
3. Controlling body temperature in warm blooded animals
4. Being an essential link among the cells and organs within the body and between individual cells and the environment

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2
Q

Vascular System

A

A system of fluid tissue that plays a role in transporting nutrients and other materials to the cells of the organism

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3
Q

Circulatory System

A

A vascular system in which the progress of fluid is controlled by muscle movements so that it follows a specific pattern.
In higher animals, vascular fluid is pumped by the action of a heart.

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4
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Blood is pumped into body cavities (not vessels), where it directly bathes the cells.
It is taken back to the heart through open-ended pores.

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5
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Blood is pumped through vessels that are separate from the intestitial fluid (fluid between parts of tissue) of the body

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6
Q

Amoeba

A

Self-sufficient
Uses cell surface as a point of exchange - diffusion/active transport across cell membrane
Distributed to organelles by streaming/flowing of cytoplasm

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7
Q

Paramecium

A

Single-celled protozoan
Digests nutrients that pass through a vacuole to reach all parts of the cell

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8
Q

Sponges (Porifera) and Rotifers (Rotifera)

A

Simplest animals
Diffusion, no circulatory system

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9
Q

Planarian (flatworm)

A

Diffusion through body wall
Digestive/waste cavities branch to reach cells

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10
Q

Hydra

A

Tubular
Diffusion

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11
Q

Grasshopper

A

Open circulatory system
Tubular heart-like structure pumps fluid (haemolymph) through aorta (only vessel) to body cavity (subdivided into sinuses)

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12
Q

Earthworm

A

Closed circulatory system
Dorsal (carry blood to front) and ventrical (carry blood to back) vessels connected by aortic arches that pump blood to tissues

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13
Q

Fish

A

Closed circulatory system
Gill circulation: atrium gets blood from body, ventricle pumps to gills for re-oxygenation
Blood continues to the rest of the body, then back to atrium: systemic circulation
Unidirectional oxygenated flow through two-chenbered heart
Limited rate of O2 delivery and lower metabolic capacity, as blood pressure is lost in capillaries

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14
Q

Frog

A

Closed circulatory system
Incomplete double circulation: right atrium - blood from body, left atrium - blood from lungs, mix in ventricle and are pumped to the body and lungs
Bidirectional flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through a three-chambered heart

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15
Q

Chicken (and Human)

A

Closed circulatory system
Complete double circulation
Bidirectional blood flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through a four-chambered heart

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16
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, elastic, and muscular tissue
Under high pressure
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
(Exception - pulmonary artery)

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17
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller arteries (branching)
Carry oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels
Large in number - division of pressure
Small diameter, single layer of epithelial cells
Site of gas exchange

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19
Q

Veins

A

Thinner, less elastic, muscular
Slower circulation
Contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
(Exception - pulmonary vein)

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20
Q

Venules

A

Smaller veins
Carry deoxygenated blood

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21
Q

Subsystems

A

1) Pulmonary circuit
2) Systemic circulation
3) Cardiac circuit

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22
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

The system of vessels that carries waste carbon dioxide to the lungs and picks up fresh oxygen

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23
Q

Systemic circuit

A

The system of vessels that carries the blood from the heart to all other body systems and organs

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24
Q

Cardiac circuit

A

The system of specialized coronary vessels that meet the energy and nutrient needs of the system

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25
Q

Lymphatic

A

Fine thin-walled tubes leading to larger ducts responsible for collecting fluids that are lost or diffused during passage so that homeostasis (steady state) can be maintained

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26
Q

How much blood does an average human have?

A

5 litres
male - 80 mLfor every kg of body mass
female - 65 mL for every kg of body mass

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27
Q

Centrifugation

A

Separates blood into (top to bottom): plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), erythrocytes

28
Q

Plasma

A

55% of blood

92% water
Globulin, fibrinogen, albumin - proteins
Salts, enzymes, other organic/inorganic substances

No lifespan (not cells)

Pale yellow fluid medium, in which cells are suspended

Carries dissolved nutrients and wastes, blood clotting (fibrinogen), albumin regulates water and binds fatty acids, globulin transports chemicals, disables harmful enzymes, defense against invaders

29
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Plays a role in blood clotting

30
Q

Serum Albumin

A

Regulates water for bloodflow and binds fatty acids for transport

31
Q

Serum Globulin

A

Transports body chemicals, disables harmful enzymes, and is defense against invaders

32
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes
44% of blood

Packed with haemoglobin (protein), which contains iron that binds to oxygen and makes blood red

120 day lifespan

Small - 8 um in diameter
Donut or disk orbiconcave shape (maximum surface area - gas exchange) with no nucleus (maximum space for haemoglobin)
Originate in the stem cells of the red bone marrow and mature when they enter the bloodstream

Carry O2 and CO2 to and from cells - cellular respiration
Make deliveries to cells

33
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes
1% of blood (increase in number when sick)

Much larger and irregular in shape
Live in the lymph system
Have a nucleus and are colourless

Types: Granular and Non-granular

Help the body fight infection and other diseases

34
Q

Granular

A

1) Neutrophil (65%): immune defense
2) Eosinophil (2-4%): allergic responses, phagocytic response
3) Basophil (0.05%): inflammatory response

18 hour lifespan

Largest up to 25 um
Originate in the red bone marrow

Defend the body against foreign bacteria viruses and other pathogens
Neutrophils engulf bacteria and other parasites

35
Q

Non-granular

A

1) Lymphocytes (20-25%): unknown life span, specific immune response, T-cells and B-cells (antibodies)
2) Macrophages (3-8%): phagocytic role
3) Monocytes: phagocyte

Lifespan lasts years

Up to 10 um
Originate in the spleen, lymph, and glands

Lymphocytes fight infections caused by bacteria and viruses
Phagocytes swallow and destroy microorganisms and debris in the blood

36
Q

Platelets

A

7-10 day lifespan

Cell fragments that are irregularly shaped
Smallest component - 2 um
Do not contain nuclei
Originate in the red bone marrow

Function in blood clotting

37
Q

Blood clotting

A
  1. Platelet membranes rupture during an injury
  2. Released thromboplastin reacts with firbrinogen catalyzed by Ca2+ ions
  3. Fribrin forms a mesh of fibres that traps blood cells and forms a clot that prevents blood flow
  4. Fibres contract and the wound closes
38
Q

Blood types

A

A, B, AB, O
Determined by the presence of absense of antigens

39
Q

Group A

A

Red blood cell type A
Anti-B antibodies
A antigens

40
Q

Group B

A

Red blood cell type B
Anti-A antibodies
B antigens

41
Q

Group AB

A

Red blood cell type AB
No antibodies
A and B antigens

42
Q

Group O

A

Red blood cell type O
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
No antigens

43
Q

Blood Donors/Receivers

A

AB - AB (universal receiver)
A - AB, A
B - AB, B
O (universal donor) - AB, A, B, O

44
Q

Rh factor

A

Protein on red blood cells
If present - Rh+, absent - Rh-

45
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

A condition that occurs during pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive blood
Rh-antibodies start attacking the baby’s cells, since they carry Rh

46
Q

Immunity

A

Bodies ability to prevent invasion of pathogens

47
Q

Antigens

A

Attached to the surface of pathogens and stimulate an immune response in the body

48
Q

Active Immunity

A

1) Natural - exposure to infection
2) Artificial - vaccine

49
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Acquired from someone or something else
1) Natural - from mother to baby
2) Artificial - immune serum medicine

50
Q

Pulmonary loop

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart ot the lungs and back to the heart

51
Q

Systemic loop

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart

52
Q

Heart structure

A

Two atria and two ventricles
Right atria and ventricle - deoxygenated blood
Left atria and ventricle - oxygenated blood
Septum - muscle separating the two sides

53
Q

Right atrium and ventricle separated by:
Left atrium and ventricle separated by:
Arteries leading away from ventricles (aorta and pulmonary):

A

Tricuspid atrioventricular valve (AV)
Bicuspid AV valve (mitral)
Semi-lunar vales (aortic and pulmonary)

54
Q

Bring blood to right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

55
Q

Take blood to lungs

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

56
Q

Bring oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

A

4 right and left pulmonary veins

57
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery with highest pressure
Takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

58
Q

Coordination of the Heartbeat

A

Heart is made out of cardiac muscle
Electrical impulses from the brain cause the atria then the ventricles to contract and rest (cycle is a heartbeat)

59
Q

“Lub-dub” sound

A

Heart valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) closing
Contraction of atria then ventricles

60
Q

Phases of a Heartbeat

A
  1. Atrial Systole: sino-atrial (SA) node causes the atria to contract
  2. Ventricular systole: atrio-ventricular (AV) node causes the ventricles to contract
  3. Diastole: chambers relax
61
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries
1. Systolic: blood pressure on the aorta when blood leaves the heart during systole
2. Diastolic: blood pressure on the aorta when the heart rests in between beats
Normal: systolic/diastolic = 120/80 mm Hg

62
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries: walls of arteries lose elasticity

63
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Dysfunction of valves in veins
Causes blood to pool and veins to swell

64
Q

Aneurysm

A

Bulge in an artery due to a weakened area of arterial wall
Risk of burst leading to death

65
Q

Stroke

A

Arteries supplying blood to brain are damaged
Damaged tissue and lack of oxygen can damage brain

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