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osce cards elena > DISEASES AFFECTING DENTISTRY > Flashcards

DISEASES AFFECTING DENTISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

what is anaemia and what are its main causes?

A

a reduction of Haemoglobin (oxygen carrying ability) in the blood

  • reduced production of RBCs
  • increased losses (excessive bleeding)
  • increased demand of body
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2
Q

what are examples of iron sources?

A
  • meat
  • green leafy vegetables
  • iron tablets
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3
Q

what are the main types of anaemias?

A
  • iron deficiency anaemia
  • folate deficiency anaemia
  • vitamin B12 anaemia/pernicious anaemia
  • haemolytic anaemias
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4
Q

what diseases may cause iron-definiciency anaemia? why?

A

BLOOD LOSS
- menstruation, pregnancy and GI tract bleeding
ACHLORHYDRIA
- lack of stomach acid therefor no conversion of non-haem iron to haem
COELIAC DISEASE
- intestinal villi abnormality which lowers absorption of iron from diet

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5
Q

how can iron-loss anaemia occur?

A
  • gastric erosions and ulcers
  • GI tract bleeding (inflammatory bowel disease, bowel cancer etc)
  • haemorrhoids

ANYTHING THAT CAUSES BLEEDING

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6
Q

how is vitamin B12 abosorbed within the body?

A
  • intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells
  • intrinsic factor then binds to vitamin B12 taken in through diet
  • absorbed specifically in ILEUM
  • stored usually in liver
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7
Q

how can Vitamin B12 anaemia occur?

A
  • lack of B12 intake (VEGANS)
  • lack of intrinsic factor (specific autoimmune disease known as pernicious anaemia)
  • disease of terminal ileum (chrons disease)
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8
Q

anaemia in a patient may be as a result of abnormal globin chains, what are examples of these conditions?

A
  • Thalassaemia

- Sickle cell anaemia

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9
Q

how can the haem production in thalassaemic patients be described?

A

NORMAL

- disease occurs due to genetic mutation of globin chains

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10
Q

what are the clinical effects of thalassaemia?

A
  • chronic anaemia
  • marrow hyperplasia (bones expand)
  • splenomegaly
  • cirrhosis
  • gallstones
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11
Q

how do RBCs differ in a patient with sickle cell anaemia?

A

RBCs have curled up edges, no longer able to squeeze through capillaries

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12
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

a specific type of Vitamin B12 definciency anaemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor

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13
Q

what are microcytic cells? what type of anaemias have thsi?

A

RBCs that are smaller than normal

  • iron deficiency anaemia
  • thalassaemia
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14
Q

what are macrocytic cells? what type of anaemias exhibit this?

A

RBCs which are larger in size

- B12/folate deficiency anaemia

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15
Q

what are normocytic cells? what types of anaemia may show these?

A

normal sized RBCs

- usually normocytic anaemias are caused by bleeding, renal problems are chronic diseases

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16
Q

what are hypochromic cells? when might you see these cells in a patient?

A
  • when RBCs are paler in colour than normal (due to less haemoglobin in cells)
  • any anemias which reduce haemoglobin content of cells
17
Q

what are some usual signs of Anaemia?

A
  • pale
  • tachycardia
  • splitting of fingernails
  • smooth tongue
18
Q

what are some usual symptoms of anaemia?

A
  • fatigue and lethargy
  • dizziness
  • shortness of breath
  • palpitations
19
Q

what oral symptom may occur as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia?

A

beefy tongue

20
Q

A patient comes into your practise and as you are taking their medical history you begin to suspect that they may suffer from Anaemia, what do you do?

A

Send them to doctor for tests:

- full blood count

21
Q

how might iron deficient anaemia affect the oral cavity?

A
  • mucosal atrophy
  • candidiasis
  • recurrent oral ulceration
  • sensory changes
22
Q

approximately* when does the development of the face begin?

A

4-8 week in utero

23
Q

approx.* when does the formation of palate occur?

A

approx 6-10 weeks in utero

24
Q

what is the earliest bone laid down in the skull & when does this occur approx*?

A

Mandible

- 6/7 weeks in utero

25
Q

what pharyngeal arch does the trigeminal nerve derive from?

A

1st pharangeal arch

26
Q

what nerve derives from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

facial nerve (controls muscles of facial expression)

27
Q

what nerve derives from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

osce cards elena (28 decks)

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