Disaster Flashcards
negative effects of aid
dependency
manipulate
aid = wealth = power
aid for civilians can be stolen by fights/bandits/black market
aid delivers equipment liek vehicles/radios which can be valuable to insurgents
armed escorts to facilities aid operations hav implications that need to be carefully evaluated
culture of dependency if no end state/goal
aid only given to one group/divides popuation
aid can be misued, unintended/negative consequences
Humanitarian Reform Afgenda
2005
to reform humanitarian coordination
cluster approach
reform for the international humanitarian coordination system
clusters (aid relief)
groups of humanitarian organizations (UN & non)
wach one of the main sectors for humitarian action (water, health, logistics…)
designaed byt ehe Inter-Agency Standing COmittee
IASC
inter agency standing comittee
*developed the cluster approach to humanitarian reponse b/c previous responss were disjointed. clusters provides better organization
(unorganization leads to duplications)
goal of clusters (aid relief)
achieve units of effort among responsders w/o relinquishing any of their independence
(unorganizaiton leads to duplications of efforts)
first time the cluster approach was used for humanitarian response
clusters first used in the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan
what happens when disasters don’t use a cluster system for response
chaos
confusion
competition
benefits of the cluster approach to humanitarian aid
- lets coordination/organization of humanitarian response lead to organizations can plug into the system by doing their own mission/provide their own special skills btu also coordinate with each other
- clarifies roles & responsibilities and divides labor
- ensures there are no gaps/duplications fo efrorts
organizations that agree to coordiante humanitarian efforts within their clusters
Lead Agency
- oversees clusters worldwide, policies & procedures, build training & capacity, secure emergency response funds & materials, coordinate w/agenceis
- **assess, respond, surge, expertise, stoc,pile, standardize, monitor
4 aspects of stockpiling
acquire
store
preposition
distribute
aid agencies & security
aid agencies handle security differently from the military
- what works for the military might endanger aid workers
- know how id agencies handle securioty so you don’t inadvertenty endanger aid workers
Aid Worker Security Report & Database
in 2017, 158 major events against aid workers in 27 cuntries affected 313 aid workers
how to evaluate aid worker victims of violence
- when you look at victims, also look to see if incident rate increased every year in proportion to the number of workers
- when you look at the incidence rate over time, consider if hte proprotion is the same if mor wokers
where does 2/3 of all violence against aid workers occur
SUdan Africa Syria CAR NIgeria
4 common tactics to hurt aid workers
assault explosive kidnap shoot **rape & sexual assault are underreported
3 motives for violence against aid workers
political
money
incidential (wrong place, wrong time)
who is responsible for the safety of all aid workers
host nations or occupying power are responsible for the safey of all on teh soil including guests and aid workers per the GEneva COnvention
considering when military and non-military work together to provide humanitarian aid
humanitarian organizations are distinct from military/political actors and follow humanitarian princples of impartiality, neutrality, and independence. so they can’t be complicit w/militry and polticis
fundamental policy document for UN field operations security
MOSS = Minimum Operating Security Standards
deterrance
approach to security where yu attempt to deter a threat with a counterthreat
problem of hiring private security for aid workers
may increase retaliation
affects preceived neutrality,impartiality, and operational independence of humanitarian actors
problem of military & nonmilitary working together during a humanitarian crisis
blurs lines. makes the aid agencies not appear impatial, neutral, independent
UN-CMCoord
“sim-cord”
UN Civil Military Coordination Field Handbook
*interaction betwen civilian in military actors in human itarian emergencies that is necessary to:
-protect/promote hujmanitarian principles
-avoid competition
-minimize inconsistency
-pursue common goals
CMO
activities that establish, maintain, influence, or exploitrelationships between military and indigents ppulations/multinations by directly supporting the attainment of objectives r/t the reestablishment or maintaence of stability wihtin a region or HN
primary reference for CMC during an international humanitarian assistance mision
UN-CMCoord
“sim-cord”
OCHA
UN office for the oordination of humanitarian affairs
UN group responsible for coordinating humanitarian response to affected states
OCHA = UN Office for he Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
MCDA
Military & Civil Defense Assets
Oslo Guidelines
established 1994
increase effectiveness & efficiency when using MCDA in international disaster regions
*guidelines on the use of foreign military & civil defense assets in disaster relief
*provides for use of foreign MCDA
APC-MADRO
Asian-Pacific REgional Guidelines for the use of Foreign MIlitary Assets in Natural DIsaster REpnse OPerations
MADRO
Military Assets in Natural Disaster Response Operations
how does the Oslo Guideliens assist responders
assists responders by defining MCDA response criteria
*humanitarian relief is civilian led & direct assistance is produced by these responde
important thing to remember when we use a military response
military response is short-lvied and there needs to be an established transition/exit strategy early on to hand over disaster rliefto development actors with a longer-term presence
information sharing in disaster response
in disaster response, information needs to be coordinated & shared
3 W’s key elements in humanatarian repnse
Who is responding
waht are they oing
where are they operating
problem of landmines
some countries de-mine for decades after the conflict
Joint Publication on FHA
JP-29: Foreign Humanitarian Assistnance
AJDRP
ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
leadership input when military actors are involved in disaster response
military actors are not in charge when tehy involve themself in a humanitarian crisis
*humanitarian actors will approach coordination w/military in ways that do not endanger their perceived impartiality, neutrality, independence so demonstrate willingness to be a team player helps
how to respect non-military humanitarians/orgs as a mlitary representative during a humanitarian crisis
recognize they need to uphold humanitarian principles (impartiality, neutrality, independence) so be a team player and recognize that working with you may cause them to [put themselves in danger or risk their reputation
The Sphere PRoject
sets standards for humanitaran reponse
2 core believes via teh Sphere PRoject
- all those affected by a disaster or conflict have a right t life w/dignity and right to assistance
- all possible steps shoudl be taken to relieve huan suffering caused by disaster or conflict
The Sphere Handbook
one of the most widely/internationally recognized tools for the delivery or quality humanitarian response
MOE
measure of effectiveness
what service does the military bring to disaster relief
logistics
- infrastructure (powerloss/communicaitons/roads)
- destroyed/congested airports and seaports
- lack of stockpiles
animals s/p disasters
animals living close to people are a disease risk
some keep in their hosue
concept presented in The Sphere Handbook
based on the concept that people affected by disasters have rights
impacted the speed of aid s/p Haiti earthquake
the earthquake destoyed the airport an traffic control tower so that impacted the speed of aid
concept for the management of disaster logistics response
“push not pull”
-needs assessment/affected state critical needs identified to decide what will be pulled through the chain
how to coordinate logistical needs during a disaster
“push not pull”
*start w/a needs assessment and prioritize the critical needs first as well as the needs that lead to other (roads/storage/communications…)
APOD
aerial port of debarkation
SPOD
seaport of deabrkation
basis of logistics
appropriate supplies in good working order/condition in quantities desired and the needs place/time
- a system to prioritize critical items first
- ability to store, stvoe…
RFA
request for assistance
OFDA
“off-tah”
- US Office of Foreign Disaster RElief
- often the LDA
procedure for using military support for civilian humaniatrain crisis
when fielding requests for logistical support, military responders must ask the right questions to ensure miltiary assets are beign used effectively and appropriately
- so if receive a call for miltiary support, ask if the RFA (request for assistance) has been vetted throgh OFTA (Office of Foreign DIsaster Assistance)
- requesters might not always be direct in how they ask for support and the military responder may have to dig deeper to understand why the request is beign made
- Q: ask what their objective is rather than askign how the objective will be accomplished and what needs to be accoopmlished to better define the need (5W’s)
- provide viable alternatives
- requestors might not udnerstand military capabilities
how does OFDA validate and track requests for military aid
MITAM “my-tahm”
Mission Tasking Matrix
*asks “what ist he objective of hte request”
*5W’s
*shows how their needs can be met w/the proposed solution
Analysis of Infrastructure Vulnerability
- map transport/its capability/constraints on strategic routes for aid/humanitarian response
- potential secondary effects of weather (road blocks by pop0ular movment/weather)
- how newly made infraastructure/miodificantions may lead to limits (bridge weight/width)
Review of Strategic Resources
inventory revie the means of transport examine sites for operational logistics bases availability of spare parts/fuel supply seaport/airport viability and its staff explore nontraidtionary (tugs/barges/)
how to find a potential staging area
ask the affected state if they have a predetermined staging area
why should the affected state use its own emergency framework
the affected state shoudl establish a coordination within its national emergency framework
- military should not create their own
- they should plug into the primary one by establisgheing their own liaison
EOC
emergency operations center
who is responsible for collecting/analyzing/distributing information for logistical support in affected states
affected state’s EOC (emergency operations center) is responsible for collecting/analyzing/distributing information for logistical support
DART
disaster assistance response team
HAST
humanitarian assistance survey team
UN Cluster Approach -11
camp management early recovery education emergency telecommunication food security heath |logistics Nutrition protection shelter water/sanitation/hygiene
LFA for the Global Cluster Logistics system
World Food Program
Why is the Wold Food Program so imporant
it is the lead agency of hte GLobal Custer Logistics system
why is the World Food Program the leading agency for the logistics cluster in the UN Cluster program
b/c of their experience in humanitarian logistics and field capacity, the INter-Agency STndign COmmittee chose them as the LFA of hte Logistics cluster
impact of the World Food Program
at any given time, they have 5K trucks, 92 planes, 20 ships delivering food
backbone of any sized task
logistics
concept of operations
CONOPS
when does the military provide assets for humanitarian reposne
as a last respont when no civilians can provide an equivalent service
OCHA
UN office for the coordination of of humanitarian affairs
POMI
Plans, Operations, and Medical INtellgience
why is planning an important step
planning is essential to decreasing unavoidable lag time between decision and action
what is the primary goal of planning
the primary goal of planning is not the developpment of elaborate plan - a more enduring goal is the development of a planner who can cope with the inevitable
MARO
mass atrocity respone operations
publication on MARO
JP 3-07: Peace Opeartions
MARO: A MIlitary Plannign Handbook
PRotection of Civilians MIlitary Reference guide
best way to get ground perspective
boots on the ground
legal definition of mass atrocity
no legal definition of mass atrocity or ethnic cleansing
- generally systemic widespread
- crimes considered: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, ethnic cleansing
what does security in a nation require
there is no security w/o development & no development w/o secucurity
intent to eliminate an ethnic nationality, racial, or religions gorup
genocide
