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OD3 (S1&2) > DIS - Ocular Tumours - Week 9 > Flashcards

DIS - Ocular Tumours - Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

List four types of intraocular tumours you may encounter.

A

Uveal melanoma
-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris
Retinoblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Angiomatosis retinae

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2
Q

What is the most common intraocular tumour? In which eye colour is it most common?

A

Malignant choroidal melanoma
-more prevalent in lightly pigmented eyes

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3
Q

What is the typical onset for malignant choroidal melanoma? Does it have a high or low mortality rate?

A

40 to 60 years
High mortality rate

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4
Q

What is mortality rate due to malignant choroidal melanoma a function of (4)?

A

Cell type
-spindle A
-spindle B
-mixed
-epitheloid

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5
Q

Is a choroidal naevus generally considered benign or malignant? Are there any symptoms associated with it?

A

A benign melanoma
-no symptoms

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6
Q

What is a choroidal naevus? What colour and what appearance does it have initially? What shape do they generally have? What is the typical diameter and thickness?

A

It is a pigmented lesion
Slate grey colour with greenish tinge
Initially non-pigmented, acquires colour age 6-10
Round or oval
-average 1-2DD in diameter
Usually <1mm thick

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7
Q

Does the size of a choroidal naevus affect the probability of malignant melanoma or is there no association?

A

The larger the lesion, the greater the probability

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8
Q

Where are choroidal naevi typically located?

A

At or around the posterior pole

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9
Q

Do choroidal naevi tend to have associated blood vessels?

A

No

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10
Q

Do choroidal naevi result in visual field defects?

A

Possible local defect, but subtle

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11
Q

Do choroidal naevi cause leakage on fluorescein angiography? What do you expect to see?

A

No leaking
Only masking

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12
Q

What do you expect of size progression in choroidal naevi over the years?

A

Stationary in size for long periods, typically forever

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13
Q

Do most naevi tend to become malignant?

A

Most never become malignant

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14
Q

What percentage of malignant melanomas arise from choroidal naevi? What about the rest?

A

1/3rd come from naevi
2/3rds come from isolated melanocytes

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15
Q

List four differential diagnoses for a choroidal naevus.

A

Malignant melanoma
RPE pigment accumulations (RPE hypertrophy)
Other choroidal tumours
Sub-retinal blood

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16
Q

List 3 characteristics of RPE hypertrophy.

A

Darker
Distinct margins
Gaps between pigment

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17
Q

What is the management for choroidal naevi (4)? What is the review schedule and what should you do on review?

A

Observation
Monitoring
Photography
Visual fields
Review in 1-2 years
-carefully investigate any changes

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18
Q

When should you refer a choroidal naevus (2) and to who?

A

Refer to an ophthalmologist if there are new symptoms or a change in size

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19
Q

Are changes in choroidal neaevus size normal or is it always sinister?

A

It can be normal, but refer for caution

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20
Q

List signs and symptoms for a small (1) and large malignant melanoma (3).

A

Small
-no symptoms if small and/or peripheral
Large
-metamorphopsia
-photopsia
-visual field loss

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21
Q

What colour appearance do malignant melanomas tend to have (4)? What does a pale/translucent appearance indicate?

A

Grey
Brown
Dark red
Yellow
Pale/translucent - amelanotic

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22
Q

What tinge is often evident on malignant melanomas and what may it indicate?

A

An orange tinge - lipofuscin

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23
Q

What shape do malignant melanomas tend to have (4)?

A

Irregular, patchy, round, and/or elevated

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24
Q

What may be seen at the edges of malignant melanomas?

A

Serous detachment

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25
Q

True or false
Malignant melanomas have no retinal striae/folds

A

False, they do

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26
Q

Do malignant melanomas tend to be highly or poorly vascularised? Where do they get their supply from? When is this vasculature only visible (2)? What may you see on the surface of tumours and what test would you want to do?

A

Highly vascularised
-choroidal blood vessels
Only visible if the RPE is thin or tumour breaks through the RPE
May see haemorrhage on the tumour surface
-do angiography

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27
Q

What is common alongside malignant melanoma?

A

Cystoid macular oedema

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28
Q

What kind of haemorrhage is common with malignant melanomas and from which blood vessels?

A

Vitreous
-from tumour blood vessels

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29
Q

What should you beware regarding cataract (2)?

A

Unilateral, rapidly progressing cataract

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30
Q

Describe how a malignant melanoma (or any other intraocular tumour) may cause anterior uveitis.

A

Tumour necrosis leading to inflammation

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31
Q

Do tumours affect IOP? Explain (2).

A

Large tumours can
Also if tumours spread to the anterior angle

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32
Q

What is the enlargement of choroidal tumours restricted by (2) and what are they constrained to (what plane)? What appearance do they have when this is so and what is an approximation of their height?

A

Enlargement restricted by the sclera and bruchs membrane
Constrained within the plane of the choroid
-flatter appearance - height is ~0.5 x diameter

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33
Q

What appearance do choroidal tumours tend to have if they penetrate bruchs membrane?

A

Collar button effect

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34
Q

Describe systemic metastasis and list major sites of metastasis in percentages (3).

A

Tumour cells enter the bloodstream via tumour vessels
Liver 34%
Liver and other organs 63%
Other organs 3%

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35
Q

Note the TFSOM-UHHD mneumonic and what it is used for.

A

Used to differentiate between a choroidal naevus and a malignant melanoma
Thickness (>2mm)
Fluid (subretinal fluid is present)
Symptoms (flashes/floaters/decreased vision)
Orange pigment present
Margins (tumour margin within 3mm of the ONH)
Ultrasonic Hollowness
Halo (absence)
Drusen (absence)

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36
Q

Note the four categories of risk associated with the TFSOM-UHHD mneumonic and what to do for each one.

A

Based on the number of risk factors:
1-2 - monitor every 4-6 months
3-4 - refer to an experienced centre for oncology evaluation
5-6 - refer to ocular oncology centre for further management
7+ - urgent referral to ocular oncology centre

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37
Q

With how many risk factors according to the TFSOM-UHHD mneumonic is a lesion more likely to be a choroidal melanoma rather than a naevus?

A

3+

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38
Q

List four other ocular tumours than may be differentials for a malignant melanoma. Note which of these is found on or near the disc.

A

Melanocytoma (on or near the disc)
Angioma of choroid or retina
Choroidal osteoma
Intraocular lymphoma

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39
Q

List two common primary sites of tumours that can metastasize to the choroid. Where are they usually located (once metastasized) and what colour? What may you often see?

A

Primary tumour usually in the lung or breast
Typically near the disc and lightly coloured
-may see leukaemic infiltrates

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40
Q

List six non-tumour conditions that can be differentials for a malignant melanoma.

A

Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Other secondary retinal detachments
Retinoschisis
Wet AMD (haemorrhagic or serous)
Choroidal and other intraocular haemorrhage
Retinal cyst

41
Q

What five additional tests should you do or refer for if you suspect malignant melanoma?

A

Transillumination
Ultrasound
Fluorescein angiography
CT/MRI scan
Intraocular biopsy

42
Q

When used to assess malignant melanoma, what information does ultrasound provide (3)?

A

Shape
Depth
Extraocular growth

43
Q

What is the optometric management of a malignant melanoma and what further tests can you expect to occur once referred (3)?

A

Refer to an ophthalmologist for further care
-fluoroscein angiogram
-ultrasonograpgy
-hunt for metastasis

44
Q

Who specifically should you refer to if you have a case of malignant melanoma (ophthalmologist not enough)?

A

Retinal specialist or ophthalmic oncologist

45
Q

What are four tests to do when looking for a metastasis?

A

Blood tests
Liver tests
Physical examination
General examination
-includes scans etc

46
Q

List 6 treatment options for a malignant melanoma.

A

Observation
Plaque irradiation
Laser photocoagulation
Proton/helium ion radiotherapy
Local resection
Enucleation

47
Q

Describe when observation is a treatment option for malignant melanomas.

A

Small tumours are observed until growth occurs

48
Q

Describe how plaque irradiation is carried out and how long.

A

Suture a radioactive plaque to the sclera under the lesion for short periods

49
Q

List 6 complications of plaque irradiation as a treatment option for malignant melanoma and note which of these is inevitable.

A

Radiation retinopathy (inevitable)
Radiation cant reach all of the tumour
Tumour regrowth
Neovascular glaucoma
Scleral melting
Enucleation

50
Q

Compare the effectiveness of enucleation and plaque irradiation for the prevenion of metastatic choroidal melanoma.

A

Equally effective

51
Q

Are ciliary body malignant melanomas more or less common compared to choroidal melanomas?

A

Less common

52
Q

Are ciliary body melanomas usually detected early or late and via what technique (2)?

A

Often detected late
-DFE or gonioscopy

53
Q

What are the symptoms of ciliary body malignant melanoma (3)?

A

No symptoms
Blurred vision
Pain

54
Q

List 3 lens anomalies that may be seen with ciliary body malignant melanoma.

A

Odd astigmatism
Localised cataract
Subluxation

55
Q

List 7 signs of ciliary body malignant melanoma.

A

Lens anomalies
Quadrant of dilated episcleral vessels
Subconjunctival pigment
-simulating naevus
IOP changes
Visible extension into the iris and angle
Anterior uveitis (necrosis)

56
Q

Describe what increased and decreased IOP with ciliary body malignant melanoma can mean.

A

Increased - extension into the angle, outflow obstruction
Decreased - decreased aqueous production

57
Q

What is the optometric management for ciliary body malignant melanoma? Compare its prognosis to choroidal malignant melanoma.

A

Refer any suspicious pigment
Better systemic progress vs choroidal melanoma

58
Q

List two treatment options for ciliary body malignant melanoma.

A

Local sectioning (iridocyclectomy)
Enucleation

59
Q

What is the visibility of an iris malignant melanoma like compared to ciliary body malignant melanoma?

A

Iris malignant melanoma more visible

60
Q

What is the average age of detection for iris malignant melanoma?

A

40 to 50 years

61
Q

What are the symptoms of iris malignant melanoma (2)?

A

There may be none
-patient may report a brown spot on their eye

62
Q

List 5 signs of iris malignant melanoma.

A

Single pigmented nodule in the lower half of the iris
Invasion of the angle (± glaucoma)
Localised cataract
Pupil distortion
Iris neovascularisation

63
Q

List three differential diagnoses for iris malignant melanoma.

A

Iris naevi
Iris freckle
Iris granulomas/cysts

64
Q

List 4 features of iris naevi.

A

Flat
Superficial
Avascular
Dark

65
Q

What is the optometric management for iris malignant melanoma?

A

Refer any suspicious pigment

66
Q

List two treatment options for iris malignant melanoma.

A

Surgical excision (iridectomy or iridotrabeculectomy)
Enucleation

67
Q

What is the prognosis for iris malignant melanoma with surgical excision?

A

Good for small, slow growing tumours

68
Q

What is the most common primary tumour of childhood?

A

Retinoblastomas

69
Q

Where do retinoblastomas originate from?

A

Retinal/glial progenitor cells

70
Q

Is there a significant risk of morbidity associated with retinoblastomas?

A

Yes, matastasis via bloodstream

71
Q

What is the inheritence of retinoblastomas like (2)?

A

6% autosomal dominant
94% sporadic (no family history)

72
Q

Are retinoblastomas usually uni- or bilateral? Where else may you see a tumour?

A

Usually unilateral (60-70%)
May be trilateral with another primary tumour in the pineal gland

73
Q

What is the average age of onset for retinoblastomas?

A

2-3 years

74
Q

List 5 signs of retinoblastoma.

A

Leukocoria
Strabismus
-important warning sign in children
Uveitis
-secondary to tumour necrosis
Secondary glaucoma causing buphthalmos
Proptosis
-with or without orbital inflammation

75
Q

List three differential diagnoses for leukocoria aside from retinoblastoma.

A

Cataract
Retinopathy of prematurity
Persistent foetal vasculature

76
Q

Describe what the lesion of retinoblastoma looks like including number, elevation, and texture.

A

White or pink
Elevated
Smooth
Frequently multiple

77
Q

Describe endophytic and exophyitc and in what context they are used.

A

Retinoblastomas that grow
-into the vitreous (endophytic)
-into the subretinal space (exophtic)

78
Q

What does an exophytic retinoblastoma allow for (4)?

A

Extension into the choroid, optic nerve, meninges, and CNS

79
Q

List 7 differential diagnoses for retinoblastoma.

A

Toxoplasmosis
Toxocara
Disciform degeneration (juvenile)
Tuberous sclerosis
Astrocytoma
Other causes of leukocoria
Any other mass lesion

80
Q

What is the management of retinoblastoma?

A

Do not risk misdiagnosis
Refer any uncertain cases
Refer all confirmed cases

81
Q

What is the treatment for retinoblastoma?

A

Radiotherapy
Photocoagulation/cryotherapy
Enucleation

82
Q

What is the most common primary orbital tumour of childhood?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

83
Q

What risk is there with rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Risk of spread driectly to the skull from orbit

84
Q

List 3 signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma.

A

Rapid progressive proptosis
Squint
Restriction of gaze

85
Q

What is a differential diagnosis for rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Orbital cellulitis

86
Q

What is the optometric management for rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Refer

87
Q

What is the treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma (2)? What is there a risk of (4)?

A

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
-risk of cataract, radiation retinopathy, corneal opacification, loss of vision

88
Q

What may be necessary in more advanced cases of rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Radical exenteration of orbit

89
Q

What is an angiomatosis retinae?

A

Retinal vascular tumour

90
Q

List 5 signs and symptoms of angiomatosis retinae.

A

Microaneurysm
Tortuous vessels leading from and to disc
Exudates
Vitreous haemorrhage
Serous retinal detachment

91
Q

Are tumours of lymphoid tissue common or rare in the eye?

A

Rare

92
Q

List 2 signs and symptoms of lymphoid tissue tumours (in the eye).

A

Vitreous cells
Multifocal intraretinal or subretinal infiltrates

93
Q

What is the management for lymphoid tissue tumours and is it effective (2)?

A

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
-quite effective

94
Q

What is a choroidal osteoma?

A

Benign bone-like choroidal tumour

95
Q

Describe what a choroidal osteoma looks like.

A

Golden/orange, plate-like lesion of bony nature

96
Q

What may occur with a choroidal osteoma? What may it disrupt and what is a consequence of this?

A

May disrupt the RPE and sensory retina causing subretinal neovascularisation

97
Q

What is the management of chroidal osteoma (2)?

A

Benign
-may extend under the macula and affect central visiond

98
Q

Are neurofibromas common or rare?

A

Very rare

99
Q

What occurs with a neurofibroma?

A

The eye develops a melanocytic pigmented hamartoma

OD3 (S1&2) (114 decks)

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