DIS - Glaucoma Medications I - Week 5 Flashcards
Must glaucoma patients whose treatment is initiated by an optometrist be referred to an ophthalmologist? Explain.
Yes, within 4 months of initiating treatment, for chronic glaucoma to consider surgical options
List the four types of aqueous suppressants. Note which isnt yet available in Australia.
Adrenergic alpha agonist
Adrenergic beta blocker
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Rho-kinase inhibitor (NA)
List two types of outflow modulators for the uveoscleral route.
Prostaglandin Analogues (PGAs)
Adrenergic alpha agonists
List three types of outflow modulators for the trabecular meshwork. Note which isnt yet available in Australia.
Muscarinic
Rho-kinase inhibitor (NA)
Nitric oxide (NA)
List two alpha agonist aqueous suppressant drugs and concentrations used.
Iopidine (0.5%)
Brimonidine (0.15%, 0.2%)
List two rho-kinase inhibitor aqueous suppressant drugs and concentrations used.
Rhopressa (0.02%)
Netarsudil (0.02%)
List three beta blocker aqueous suppressant drugs and concentrations used.
Betaxolol (0.25%, 0.5%)
Timolol (0.25%, 0.5%)
Nyogel (0.1%)
List three carbonic anhydrase inhibitor aqueous suppressant drugs and concentrations used.
Brinzolamide (1%)
Dorzolamide (2%)
Diamox (azetazomalide 250mg PO)
List five prostaglandin analogue uveoscleral outflow modulator drugs and concentrations used.
Latanoprost (0.005%)
Tafluprost (0.0015%)
Travoprost (0.004%)
Bimatoprost (0.03%)
Latanoprostene bunod (0.024%)
List an alpha agonist uveoscleral outflow modulator drug and the concentration used.
Brimonidine (0.15%, 0.2%)
List a muscarinic trabecular meshwork outflow modulator drug and the concentration used.
Pilocarpine (1%, 2%, 4%)
List two rho-kinase inhibitor trabecular meshwork outflow modulator drugs and concentrations used.
Rhopressa (0.02%)
Netarsudil (0.02%)
List a nitric oxide trabecular meshwork outflow modulator drug and the concentrations used.
Latanoprostene bunod (0.024%)
What enzyme sustains ionic flux within the ciliary body and how does water diffuse passively?
Carbonic anhydrase
Water diffuses via aquaporins
What does the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase do to aqueous production and how (3)?
Decreases aqueous production
By blocking carbonic anhydrase, you block the conversion of CO2 and H2O into HCO3- and H+
This prevents the exchange of these two molecules with Cl- and Na+ into the cell and out into the posterior chamber (these ions stay put), disrupting ionic flux
Where are alpha and beta receptors located (3)?
Ciliary epithelium
Veins of schlemms canal
Veins of the ciliary body
Describe how a beta-blocker reduces aqueous production by explaining what a beta agonist does (5).
Stimulates a g-protein cascade resulting in an increase to adenyl cyclase, increasing levels of cAMP
This activates a kinase which increases aqueous production
A beta-blocker would stop this from happening
Describe how an alpha-agonist results in a decrease in aqueous production. Note whether this is a1 or a2. Describe where receptors of the other alpha are found and two things an agonist results in.
An a2 agonist stimulates a g-protein cascade (different to a beta g-protein cascade) resulting in an inhibition of adenyl cyclase, decreasing levels of cAMP
This inactivates a kinase which results in decreased aqueous production
Veins have a1 receptors, agonists reult in increased TM outflow and uveoscleral outflow
Compare the onset and duration of the effects of beta blockers and alpha agonists (both a1 and a2) on aqueous production.
Alpha a2 and beta blockers have a slow onset and are long lasting
Alpha a1 agonists have a fast onset, short duration
Are diamox tablets (oral) available for optomtrists? Explain (2).
No, do it via a GP or pharmacist
Can diamox tablets and drops be used concurrently?
No, avoid concurrent use
What percentage rise in IOP is seen if you swap from oral diamox to topical?
25%
What percentage drop in IOP is seen with oral diamox? What about topical use?
Oral - up to 50%
Topical - up to 20%
What is oral diamox often taken with? How long does IOP take to decrease with this combo? what about if diamox is injected?
500mg KCl
120 mins for IOP decrease if oral
15 mins if injected