digestive system study guide Flashcards
a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines.
gastroenterology
a medical doctor who specializes in conditions affecting your digestive system.
gastroenterologist
GI specialist
a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon.
colorectal surgery
a branch of medicine concerned with the study, prevention, diagnosis, and management of diseases that affect the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas.
hepatology
a branch of medical science that is focused on the study and diagnosis of disease. Clinical pathology involves the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy).
pathology
work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults.
speech language pathologist
medical doctors who diagnose, treat, and manage problems associated with your liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.
hepatologist
liver specialist
a physician who interprets and diagnoses the changes caused by disease in tissues and body fluids.
pathologist
a hollow, muscular tube that carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach. Muscles in your (blank) propel food down to your stomach.
esophagus
a muscular tube in the middle of your neck. It helps you to breathe and digest food. Many medical issues can affect your (blank), from a common cold to cancer.
throat
pharynx
a muscular hollow organ. It takes in food from the esophagus, mixes it, breaks it down, and then passes it on to the small intestine in small portions.
stomach
is the first part of the small intestine. After foods mix with stomach acid, they move into the (blank), where they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas.
duodenum
a watery acid fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by glands in the walls of the stomach
gastric juice
The principal function of the(blank)is to break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.
small intestine
is the middle segment of the small intestine and functions primarily in the digestion and absorption of intestinal contents.
jejunum
is the final portion of the small intestine. It absorbs any final nutrients.
ileum
turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body through defecation.
large intestine
large bowel
colon
The (blank) is large pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine. The appendix and the ileum of the small intestine both connect to the (blank).
cecum
is a small, fingerlike pouch that connects to the end of the colon (large intestine)
appendix
is the beginning part of the colon. It is usually located on the right side of the body, extending from the cecum upward.
ascending colon
is the middle portion of the colon that extends across the abdominal cavity.
transverse colon
is a section of the large intestine that passes downward. Its functions include storing food remains before they pass through the rest of the colon and rectum for elimination.
descending colon
is the S-shaped section of the colon that connects to the rectum.
sigmoid colon
is the last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
rectum
is the opening of the rectum (last part of the large intestine) to the outside of the body.
anus
two main responsibilities in the process of digestion are to make/secrete bile and to process/purify the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are coming from the small intestine.
liver
During digestion, your(blank)makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches.
pancreas
(blank) make saliva. Saliva helps moisten food so we can swallow it more easily. It also has an enzyme that makes it easier for the stomach to break down starches in food.
Salivary glands
refers to bile production, storage, and secretion via the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts, which aids in digestion.
biliary system
main function is to store bile that is produced by the liver.
gallbladder
is a yellowish-green digestive fluid produced by your liver and stored by your gallbladder. It helps your body break down fats in the foods you eat.
bile
(blank) is the process of breaking down food into substances the body can use for energy, tissue growth, and repair.
Digestion
The small intestine (blank) most of the (blank) in your food, and your circulatory system passes them on to other parts of your body to store or use.
absorb nutrients
The process of passing solid food waste out of the body
elimination
is the act of eating food (or any other substance, such as medications) and letting it enter the body. In human beings, this process begins in the mouth.
ingestion
create chemical reactions that help with a range of things, from breaking down food to building muscle.
enzymes
is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing.
bolus
is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
peristalsis
Your body breaks down (blank) into glucose.
carbohydrates
Digestive System can (blank) by eliminating toxic foods, by either vomiting or diarrhea. Kidneys (blank) by secreting toxins or filtering toxins out of the blood into urine. Liver (blank) by changing the chemical nature of many toxins.
detoxify
are nutrients in food that the body uses to build cell membranes, nerve tissue (including the brain), and hormones. The body also uses (blank) as fuel.
fats
increases the weight and size of your stool and softens it. A bulky stool is easier to pass, decreasing your chance of constipation.
fiber
The body’s digestive system breaks down dietary (blank) into individual amino acids, which are absorbed and used by cells to build other proteins and a few other macromolecules, such as DNA.
protein
are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development.
vitamins
is a nutrient that is needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy. (blank) include the elements calcium, magnesium, and iron.
minerals
are cells on your tongue that allow you to perceive tastes, including sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami.
taste buds
Potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, and cereals are all examples of (blank) and should make up just over a third of the food you eat
starchy foods
is the top part of the mouth.The front portion is bony (hard blank), and the back portion is muscular (soft blank).
palate
is the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs.
epiglottis
dys- // dis-
Meaning “painful” or “abnormal”
endo- // endo-
Meaning “within”
dia- // dia-
Meaning “through”
epi- // epi
Meaning “above”
hepat/o – hepat/o
Meaning “liver”
cholecyst/o – colecist/o
Meaning “gallbladder”
col/o – col/o
Meaning “large intestine”
colon/o – colon/o
Meaning “large intestine”
gastr/o – gastr/o
Meaning “stomach”
abdomin/o – abdomin/o
Meaning “abdomen”
lapar/o – lapar/o
Meaning “abdomen”
append/o – apend/o
Meaning “appendix”
-rrhea // -rrea
Meaning “flow” or “discharge”
appendic/o – apendic/o
Meaning “appendix”
-ectomy // -ectomía
Meaning “excision” or “surgical removal”
-stomy // -stomía
Meaning “creation of an artificial opening”
-scope // -scopio
Meaning “instrument used for visualization”
-scopy // -scopia
Meaning “visual examination”
