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Positioning II > Digestive System: Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

Digestive System: Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

A musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

Alimentary Canal

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2
Q

Components of the Alimentary Canal

A

*Mouth
*Pharynx
*Stomach
*Small intestine
*Large intestine (terminated at anus)

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3
Q

*Long muscular tube
*Functions to convey food and saliva from laryngopharynx

A

Esophagus

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4
Q

Where does the Esophagus Lie

A

Lies in midsagittal Plane (MSP)

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5
Q

Dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestine

A

Stomach

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6
Q

Four parts of the stomach:

A

*Cardia
*Fundus
*Body
*Pyloric Portion

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7
Q

Originates at C6

A

Esophagus

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8
Q

Passes through diaphragm at T10

A

Esophagus

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9
Q

Joins stomach at esophagogastric junction at T11

A

Esophagus

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10
Q

Expanded terminal end =

A

cardiac antrum

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11
Q

what is the section surrounding esophageal opening

A

Cardia

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12
Q

is superior portion that fills the left hemidiaphragm

A

Fundus

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13
Q

Inferior surface contains numerous longitudinal folds called:

A

Rugae

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14
Q

Body located between fundus and pyloric portion

A

the body of the stomach

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15
Q

what is the last portion of the stomach

A

pyloric portion
*consists of the pyloric antrum and narrowed pyloric canal

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16
Q

lesser curvature of stomach=

A

right border
medial aspect

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17
Q

greater curvature of stomach=

A

Left border
Lateral aspect

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18
Q

Sharper angle at esophagogastric junction

A

Cardiac notch

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19
Q

what is entrance and exit controlled by

A

sphincters

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20
Q

opening between esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac orifice

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21
Q

what controls the opening between the esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

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22
Q

opening between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric orifice

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23
Q

what is the opening between stomach and small intestine controlled by

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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24
Q

how is the stomach in a hypersthenic body structure

A

Higher and horizontal

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25
how is the stomach in a asthenic body structure
lower and more midline
26
Storage area for food during part of digestion
stomach
27
secrets acids, enzymes, and other chemical to chemically break down food
stomach
28
mechanically breaks down food by churning and peristalisis
stomach
29
chemically and mechanically altered food that leaves stomach
Chyme
30
Contraction waves by which the digestive tube propels contents toward the rectum
Peristalsis
31
average emptying time for stomach
2 to 3 hours
32
average transit time to ileocecal valve is
2 to 3 hours
33
how many waves per minute occur in the filled stomach
3 to 4
34
what is the most common contrast for the alimentary canal
Barium sulfate
35
what is anther form of contrast media that can be used
water soluble iodinated contrast
36
what is required for radiographic demonstration of the alimentaru canal
contrast media
37
which solution moves through the GI tract quicker
Iodinated solutions move through the GI tract quicker than barium sulfate *Clears the stomach in 1 to 2 hours
38
what does not adhere as well to esophageal mucosa
Iodinated solutions
39
*easily removed by aspiration before or during surgery * Also readily absorbed by the body and excreted by kidneys in cases of perforation
Water-soluble
40
provide satisfactory examinations of the stomach, duodenum, and large intestine
Iodinated solutions
41
Prep for the exam room
 Room should be completely prepared before patient enters.  Adjust equipment controls to correct settings.  Have footboard and shoulder supports ready.  Check filming devices and number of image receptors (IRs) available.  Prepare type and amount of contrast.
42
Before beginning examination, the radiographer should
*Describe the contrast media and administration (i.e., taste, enema tip insertion). * Inform the patient that the room will be darkened during the procedure. *Introduce the patient and fluoroscopist to each other.
43
what is peristalisis affected by
Peristalsis affected by body habitus, pathology, use of narcotic pain medicine, body position, and respiration
44
where is peristalsis greater and where does it slow down
* Peristalsis greatest in stomach and duodenum * Slows in distal part of GI tract
45
time for upright position of esophagus
0.1 seconds or less
46
what inhibits respiration for several seconds
Deglutition
47
most exposures for the stomach are made with what breathing
Exposures made at the end of expiration in routine procedures
48
how much time does hypermotility of the stomach require
0.1 seconds
49
normal peristaltic activity of the stomach would require how much time
Normal peristaltic activity – exposure time no longer than 0.2 second  Never longer than 0.5 second
50
essential projections of the esophagus
* AP or PA * AP or PA OBLIQUE * LAteral
51
sigle contrast
barium or water soluble , iodinated
52
double contrast
barium and carbon dioxide crystals
53
First part of examination for AP or PA esophagus
fluoroscopy of swallowing
54
patient position for AP or PA esophagus
 Patient position  Supine or prone without rotation  Head turned to side to facilitate drinking
55
where is the IR places for AP or PA esophagus
IR is placed so that top is level with the mouth
56
What is the CR for AP or PA esophagus
Central ray (CR) perpendicular to midpoint of IR *Usually at level of T5-T6
57
Criteria for AP or PA esophagus
 Esophagus from lower part of neck to its entrance into the stomach*  Esophagus filled with barium*  Penetration of barium*  Brightness and contrast sufficient to visualize the esophagus through the superimposed thoracic vertebrae  No rotation
58
patient position for AP/PA oblique esophagus
Recumbent 35- to 40- degree right anterior oblique (RAO) or left posterior oblique (LPO) position
59
where does cr enter for AP/PA oblique esophagus
CR enters perpendicular to midpoint of IR *Enters patient at 2 inches (5 cm) lateral to MSP at level of T5 or T6
60
where should ir and elevated side of patients be aligned for ap/pa oblique position
Align IR and elevated side of patient approximately 2 inches (5 cm) lateral to MSP
61
how long should the patient be NPO for for GI series ?
8-9 hours
62
The stomach needs to be empty. what should patients not have other than food that could cause to stimulate gastric secretions
smoking gum
63
indication there is a problem with the portal vein
Varices
64
if there is concern for perforation what should you not use?
Barium should not be used if concerned for perforation. Gastrografin should be used instead because it is water soluble.
65
laying on the stomach where is the air
the air is in the fondus
66
where is the barium if patient is laying on their back
barium is in the fundus
67
Criteria for AP or PA oblique esophagus
esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart
68
Patient position for Lateral esophagus
 Recumbent right or left lateral position  Patient should face radiographer  Arms forward  Midcoronal plane (MCP) centered
69
where does the CR enter for lateral esophagus
CR enters perpendicular to midpoint of IR *enters pt. on MCP at level of T5-T6
70
Examination often referred to as a gastrointestinal series (GI series) or upper gastrointestinal series (UGI series)
Stomach :GI series
71
what may be included in a UGI or GI series
May include:  Scout (KUB)  Fluoroscopic and serial radiographic studies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using ingested contrast (usually barium)  When requested, the barium may be imaged as it traverses the small intestines
72
combination singleand double-contrast during the same procedure
Biphasic examination
73
GI Series Procedure
*Usually begin with patient in upright position, if possible * Radiologist may examine heart and lungs with fluoroscopy and determine whether stomach is empty * Radiologist instructs patient to drink cup of barium * Esophagus is examined with first two to three swallows Spot films made as needed * Manual manipulation used to coat gastric mucosa * Spot films may be made * Patient drinks more barium to fill stomach * Spot films taken as needed
74
essential projections : stomach and duodenum
PA PA OBLIQUE AP OBLIQUE LATERAL AP
75
Patient position for PA stomach and duodenum
recumbent or upright
76
breathing technique for PA stomach and deodenum
Exposure made at end of suspended expiration
77
Where to center ir for PA stomach and duodenum
*Center IR 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) above lower rib margin (level of L1-L2) * Upright requires IR centered 3 to 6 inches (7.6 to 15 cm) lower
78
where should you align the midline of grid for PA stomach and duodenum
Align midline of grid to sagittal plane passing halfway between vertebral column and left lateral border of abdomen
79
criteria for pa stomach and duodenum
*Entire stomach and duodenal loop *Stomach centered at level of pylorus *PA- air in fundus *AP- barium in fundus Entire stomach and duodenal loop * No superimposition of pylorus and duodenal bulb *Duodenal bulb and loop * Stomach centered at level of pylorus
80
patient position for PA oblique stomach and deodenum
Recumbent RAO position
81
where should midline of ir be aligned for PA obliwue stomach and duodenum
Midline of IR aligned with sagittal plane passing midway between vertebral column and lateral border of elevated side
82
where should IR be centered for PA oblique Stomach and duodenum
IR centered to lower rib margin (level of L1-L2)
83
what should you adjust the rotation angle to for PA oblique stomach and duodenum
Adjust rotation to 40 to 70 degrees to demonstrate pyloric canal and duodenum
84
Patient position for for Ap oblique stomach and duodenum
Recumbent LPO position
85
what should you adjust rotation to for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
30 to 60 degrees
86
where do you center IR for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
Center IR to a point midway between xiphoid process and lower rib margin
87
where to align midline of IR for AP oblique stomach and duodenum
Align midline of IR with a sagittal plane passing midway between the vertebrae and the left lateral border of the abdomen
88
Criteria for AP Oblique Stomach and Duodenum
*Entire stomach and duodenal loop * Fundic portion of stomach * No superimposition of pylorus and duodenal bulb *Body and pylorus with doublecontrast visualization
89
Part position for Lateral stomach and duodenum
*true lateral position *Align plane passing midway between MCP and anterior surface of abdomen to midline of grid
90
Where do you center IR for lateral stomach and duodenum
Center IR at level of L1-L2 for recumbent position; L3 for upright position
91
Patient position for Lateral Stomach and Duodenum
Recumbent right lateral demonstrates right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, and duodenojejunal junction
92
Criteria for Lateral stomach and duodenum
*Entire stomach and duodenal loop * Stomach centered at level of pylorus
93
Patient Position for AP stomach and Duodenum
 Supine
94
What position for the AP stomach and duodenum would you do for demonstration of hiatal hernia
Trendelenburg’s for demonstration of hiatal hernia
95
Part position for AP stomach and duodenum : Where do you align midline of grid and center for a 10 X 12 inch IR
on 10- x 12-inch (24- × 30-cm) IR, align midline of grid to sagittal plane passing midway between MSP and left lateral margin of abdomen Center 10- x 12-inch (24- x 30-cm) IR to level midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin
96
Part position for AP stomach and duodenum : Where do you align midline of grid and center for a 14 X 17 inch IR
*Align midline of grid to MSP on 14- x 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR. *Center 14- x 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR; may be adjusted to demonstrate more diaphragm or small bowel.
97
Criteria for AP stomach and Duodenum
*Entire stomach and duodenal loop * Double-contrast visualization of gastric body, pylorus, and duodenal bulb * Retrogastric portion of duodenum and jejunum
98
antegrade
with the flow structure and function
99
retrograde
goes against shows structure
100
Best position to see esophagus off of spine is
RAO
101
what does the trandelnberg position show
this position is to see if there is reflux or hiatal hernias, or may show varices of the esophagus 
102
name of the folds of the stomach
rugae
103
Ligament that holds duodenum in place to keep C shape
Ligament of triets '
104
When we are laying on our back supine where is the barium
In the fundus
105
When we are laying on our back supine where is the air
Pyloric
106
Where is the barium when the pt. Is laying on their stomach prone
Barium is in the pyloric
107
Where is the air when the pt is laying on their stomach prone PA
Air is in the fundus
108

Positioning II (12 decks)

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