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A&P > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

Mouth only

Taking food into digestive tract

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2
Q

Propulsion

A

Moving food though the GI tract

Gets food to the end of large intestine

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3
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing (job of mouth)

Voluntary

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4
Q

Peristalsis

A

Major means of propulsion

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

In pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine

Voluntary

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5
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

Job of teeth and tongue
Mastication
Segmentation

Increases SA of ingested food (physically preparing it for digestion)

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6
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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7
Q

Segmentation

A

Happens in stomach and intestines

Mixing/churning of contents

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8
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical breakdown (altering chemical materials)
Mouth: carbs and fats
Stomach: proteins

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract through mucosal cells –> blood or lymph

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10
Q

Defecation

A

Job of large intestine (colon)

Removing waste produces (indigestible substances)

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11
Q

Peritoneum

A

Outer covering (serous membrane; epithelial tissue)

Visceral (serosa): physically on organ
Parietal: on abdominopelvic wall
Layers are continuous with each other

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Visceral and parietal peritoneum back-to-back
Double layer
Layer of fat
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels all pass through
Glues organs to abdominal wall (holds organs in place)

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Not covered in mesentery (outside or behind)

Pancreas, duodenum, ascending + descending colon

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14
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Everything in mesentery

Stomach, transverse colon, small intestine (digestive organs)

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15
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer
Lines alimentary canal lumen
Secretion, absorption, protection
Epithelium: rich in mucus-secreting cells
Lamina-propria: underlies the epithelium (contains capillaries)
Muscularis mucosae
Contraction of smooth muscle influences diameter ONLY

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16
Q

Submucosa

A 
Vascular layer (blood and nerve supply) --> supplies surrounding tissues of GI tract wall
Lymphatics and glands
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17
Q

Muscularis externa

A 
When present, is a double layer
Segmentation + peristalsis
Inner circular muscle layer
Outer longitudinal muscle layer
Exception: in stomach (triple layer); oblique muscle present
18
Q

Serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum
Outermost layer of intraperitoneal organs

Adventitia: slightly more rigid; present in esophagus only
Holes the esophagus up; fibrous CT

19
Q

Splanchnic circulation

A

Aorta –> abdominal aorta –> arteries

20
Q

Celiac trunk

A

Serves upper abdominal cavity

Liver, stomach, spleen

21
Q

Mesenteric arteries

A

Serves lower abdominopelvic region

Intestines

22
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Collects nutrient-rich venous blood, draining from the digestive viscera and delivers it to the liver

23
Q

Intrinsic innervation (ENS)

A

In GI tract
Submucosal and myenteric plexuses
Any regulation within intrinsic ENS –> LOCAL

24
Q

Extrinsic innervation (ENS)

A

Connections to CNS
Outside GI tract
Afferent visceral fibers
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS

25
Q

Parotid glands

A

Anterior to ear

Branches of facial nerve run through gland

26
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Ducts run beneath mucosa of oral cavity floor

27
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Center, under tongue (mostly mucous cells)

28
Q

Serous cells

A

Secrete thin, watery saliva (enzymes, ions, and tiny bits of mucin)

29
Q

Mucous cells

A

Thick, viscous saliva (mucus)

30
Q

Saliva

A

Used to clean mouth and wet food (Starts digestion)

Water, ions, digestive enzymes (defensins), mucin, lysozyme, IgA
Slightly acidic

31
Q

Salivary amylase:

A

Carb digestion

32
Q

Salivary lipase

A

Fat digestion

33
Q

Salivatory nuclei

A

Cluster of neurons in the medulla oblongata (brain stem)
Regulation (Parasympathetic)

Cranial nerve VII: facial nerve
Submandibular and sublingual glands

Cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal nerve
Parotid glands

34
Q

Esophageal glands

A

In submucosal layer

Mucus-secreting

35
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Hole/opening in the diaphragm

Esophagus enters through, to abdomen

36
Q

Cardial orifice

A

Esophagus meets stomach

37
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

A

Opens to allow the bolus into the stomach

38
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Surrounds the cardinal orifice

Only time its open, is when food is ready to enter the stomach; stretch receptor trigger opening

39
Q

Deglutition

A

Buccal phase
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
Propulsion

40
Q

Buccal phase

A

Voluntary (in mouth)

Bolus: food that has been mechanically broken down, is shaped into a ball

41
Q

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

Involuntary
Triggered by saliva or food reaching receptors in the posterior pharynx
Epiglottis closes
Bolus starts to move down –> esophagus

42
Q

Propulsion

A

Movement of food (via peristalsis)

Main function of esophagus

A&P (10 decks)

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