A&P: Chapter 1: Human Body Flashcards
Palpation
Feeling organs with your hands
Auscultation
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Organ
Structure composed of at least 2 tissue types (4 is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.
Organ Systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Integumentary
Hair, skin, nails
Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Skeletal
Joint, bones
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
Blood Cells are formed within bones . Bones store minerals.
Muscular
Skeletal muscles
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.
Maintains posture, and produces heat
Nervous
Brain, spinal cords, nerves
Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to the internal and external changes by activating appropriated muscles and glands.
Endocrine
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland. pancreas, testes/ovary
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Lymphatic
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. Immune response mounts attack against foreign substances within body.
Respiratory
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lung.
Digestive system
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Urinary
Kidney, ureter, urinary, urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Male reproductive
Prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
Function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone. Male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract.
Female reproductive
Mammary glands (in breasts), uterus, vagina, ovary, uterus tube
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. Remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Regional Terms
Axial: main axis of body (head, neck, trunk)
Appendicular: appendages or limbs (attached to axis)
Sagittal
Vertical plane that divides body into left and right parts.
Midsagittal: lies exactly in median plane
Parasagittal: all other sagittal planes offset from the midline
Frontal (coronal)
Lie vertically an divide body into anterior and posterior
Transverse (horizontal)
Runs horizontally from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts. Also called a cross section.
Oblique
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. (seldom used)
Dorsal cavity
Protects fragile nervous system organs
Cranial cavity: encases brain
Vertebral or Spinal cavity: contains spinal cord
Both subdivisions are continuous with each other.
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Lateral pleural cavities
Medial mediastinum: contains pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
**Collectively called the viscera (an organ in a body cavity) or visceral organs
Serosa
Covers the walls of the ventral body cavity.
Thin, double-layered membrane
Parietal serosa: part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Folds onto itself to form the visceral serosa, covering the organs in the cavity
Serous fluid: thin layer of lubricating fluid secreted by both membranes that separates serous membranes