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A&P: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A

Supplies body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

Air is moved in and out of lungs
(Inspiration and expiration)
Gases are continuously changed and refreshed

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3
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood (alveoli –> pulmonary circulation)
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation –> alveoli)

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells
Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood
Not accomplished by respiratory system

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5
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Actual site of gas exchange

Made of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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6
Q

Conducting zone

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles

Cleanse, humidify and warm incoming air

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7
Q

Nose

A 
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
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8
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

Connects the nasal cavity and mouth

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9
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Serves ONLY as air passageway
Continuous with nasal cavity
During swallowing, soft palate and uvula move up, closing off the nasopharynx
(This prevents food from entering the nasal cavity)

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10
Q

Oropharynx

A

Continuous with oral cavity
Passageway for air AND swallowed food
Houses palatine tonsils

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11
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for air AND swallowed food

Continuous with esophagus and trachea

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12
Q

Larynx

A 
Provides an open airway
Acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Vocal cords --> "Voicebox"
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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

Made of elastic cartilage

During swallowing, larynx is pulled up and the epiglottis tips to cover the inlet.

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14
Q

Trachea

A 
Windpipe
Divides into the two main bronchi
Mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
C-rings 
Trachealis muscle: determines diameter of trachea
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15
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Made up of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes
Blood air barrier: blood flowing past on one side and air on the other

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16
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secretes surfactant

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17
Q

Surfactant

A

Fluid containing a detergent-like substance
Coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Decreases cohesiveness of water molecules

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18
Q

Lungs

A 
Occupy thoracic cavity
Surrounded by pleurae
Left lung is smaller than the right (because of the heart)
Divided into lobes 
   Left: superior and inferior
   Right: superior, middle, inferior
Bronchopulmonary segments
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19
Q

Pulmonary Circulation (of Lungs)

A

Pulmonary arteries: (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)
Feed into capillaries
Pulmonary capillary networks: surround alveoli in lung
Pulmonary veins: carry freshly oxygenated blood from respiratory zone of lungs to heart

Low-pressure
High-volume

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20
Q

Bronchial Circulation (of Lungs)

A

Bronchial arteries: provide oxygenates systemic blood to lung tissue

High-pressure
Low-volume

Supply of oxygenated blood to all lung tissues except alveoli

(Most venous blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins)

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21
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm

Continues around heart and between lungs

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22
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the external lung surface

23
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Lubricating secretion allowing the lungs to glide easily over the thorax all during breathing movements

24
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure in the alveoli
Rises and falls with phases of breathing
ALWAYS equalizes with the atmospheric pressure eventually

25
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure in the pleural cavity Fluctuates with breathing phases, but is always ~4 mm Hg less that the intrapulmonary pressure (Always negative relative to the intrapulmonary)
26
Transpulmonary pressure
Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure Keeps the lungs from collapsing Size of this pressure determines the size of the lungs at any time
27
Atelectasis
Lung collapse Occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged OR when air enters the pleural cavity
28
Pneumothorax
Presence of air in the pleural cavity
29
Boyle's Law
At constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume.
30
Inspiration
Thoracic cavity volume increases (decreased pressure Diaphragm contracts More important in producing the volume changes that lead to inspiration External intercostal muscles contract
31
Expiration
Depends more on lung elasticity than on muscle contraction Decrease thoracic and intrapulmonary volume Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
32
Airway resistance
Friction encountered in respiratory passageways Gas flow changes inversely with resistance Relatively insignificant
33
Surface tension
At a gas-liquid barrier, the molecules of liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to gas molecules (Unequal attraction --> surface tension) Draws liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with dissimilar gas molecules Resists any force that tends to increase the SA of the liquid Water (main component of liquid film that coats alveoli) has a high surface tension. Always acting to reduce the alveoli to their smallest size
34
Lung compliance
Distensibility Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure The more the lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure, the greater the compliance (Higher the compliance, the easier it is to expand the lungs) Determined by Distensibility of lung tissue Alveolar surface tension
35
Respiratory mucosa
Seromucous nasal glands Serous: secrete water Mucous: secretes musus Conchae: mucosa-covered projections Greatly increases SA exposed to air and enhances air turbulence in the cavity
36
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Matches the # of lobes in the lung 3 on right 2 on left Each supplies one lung lobe
37
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Serves bronchopulmonary segment | Separated by CT (problems in lungs are localized)
38
Bronchioles
Terminal: thinnest Respiratory (last bronchiole): merges with alveolar duct Start of respiratory zone
39
Bronchoconstriction
``` Beta-2 antagonists --> constriction Muscarinic antagonists (anticholinergic) Inhibits binding of ACh ```
40
IRDS
Infant respiratory distress syndrome Premature babies Fetal lungs do not produce surfactant until the last 2 months of development Premie babies are unable to keep their alveoli inflated between breaths
41
Atelectasis
Lung collapse
42
Pneumothorax
Presence of air in the pleural cavity
43
Pleural effusion
Hydrothorax Hemothorax Liquid in intrapleural cavity
44
Dalton's Law
Total pressure exerted by mixture is the sum of pressure exerted independently by each gas in mixture Partial pressure: pressure exerted by each gas; directly proportional to % of that gas in mixture
45
Henry's Law
When a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its PP Greater the concentration of gas, the more and the faster the go into sol'n in liquid At equilibrium, PPs in the gas and liquid phases are the same
46
Internal respiration
Occurs in tissues
47
External respiration
Occurs in lungs
48
Haldane effect
Hemoglobin prefers to bind to CO2 (stronger affinity than with oxygen)
49
VRG
Medullary respiratory center Ventral respiratory group ``` Breathing rhythm Inspiratory and expiratory neurons Phrenic nerve: diaphragm Intercostal nerves: serve intercostal muscles Mutual inhibition ```
50
DRG
Medullary respiratory center Dorsal respiratory group Integration center: receives info from other respiratory centers and higher brain centers
51
PNC
Pontine respiratory center Pneumotaxic center Modifies/regulates rate and depth of breathing Inhibits excessive, deep breathing
52
APC
Pontine respiratory center Apneustic center Stimulates inspiratory neurons in VRG and DRG Encourages respiration
53
Hyperventilation
Hypocapnia H+ decreases pH increases Respiratory alkalosis
54
Hypoventilation
Increased CO2 (hypercapnia) H+ increases pH decreases Respiratory acidosis

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