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A&P > A&P: Respiratory System > Flashcards

A&P: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A

Supplies body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

Air is moved in and out of lungs
(Inspiration and expiration)
Gases are continuously changed and refreshed

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3
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood (alveoli –> pulmonary circulation)
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation –> alveoli)

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells
Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood
Not accomplished by respiratory system

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5
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Actual site of gas exchange

Made of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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6
Q

Conducting zone

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles

Cleanse, humidify and warm incoming air

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7
Q

Nose

A 
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
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8
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

Connects the nasal cavity and mouth

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9
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Serves ONLY as air passageway
Continuous with nasal cavity
During swallowing, soft palate and uvula move up, closing off the nasopharynx
(This prevents food from entering the nasal cavity)

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10
Q

Oropharynx

A

Continuous with oral cavity
Passageway for air AND swallowed food
Houses palatine tonsils

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11
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for air AND swallowed food

Continuous with esophagus and trachea

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12
Q

Larynx

A 
Provides an open airway
Acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Vocal cords --> "Voicebox"
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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

Made of elastic cartilage

During swallowing, larynx is pulled up and the epiglottis tips to cover the inlet.

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14
Q

Trachea

A 
Windpipe
Divides into the two main bronchi
Mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
C-rings 
Trachealis muscle: determines diameter of trachea
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15
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Made up of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes
Blood air barrier: blood flowing past on one side and air on the other

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16
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secretes surfactant

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17
Q

Surfactant

A

Fluid containing a detergent-like substance
Coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Decreases cohesiveness of water molecules

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18
Q

Lungs

A 
Occupy thoracic cavity
Surrounded by pleurae
Left lung is smaller than the right (because of the heart)
Divided into lobes 
   Left: superior and inferior
   Right: superior, middle, inferior
Bronchopulmonary segments
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19
Q

Pulmonary Circulation (of Lungs)

A

Pulmonary arteries: (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)
Feed into capillaries
Pulmonary capillary networks: surround alveoli in lung
Pulmonary veins: carry freshly oxygenated blood from respiratory zone of lungs to heart

Low-pressure
High-volume

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20
Q

Bronchial Circulation (of Lungs)

A

Bronchial arteries: provide oxygenates systemic blood to lung tissue

High-pressure
Low-volume

Supply of oxygenated blood to all lung tissues except alveoli

(Most venous blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins)

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21
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm

Continues around heart and between lungs

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22
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the external lung surface

23
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Lubricating secretion allowing the lungs to glide easily over the thorax all during breathing movements

24
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure in the alveoli
Rises and falls with phases of breathing
ALWAYS equalizes with the atmospheric pressure eventually

25
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing phases, but is always ~4 mm Hg less that the intrapulmonary pressure
(Always negative relative to the intrapulmonary)

26
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure
Keeps the lungs from collapsing
Size of this pressure determines the size of the lungs at any time

27
Q

Atelectasis

A

Lung collapse
Occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged
OR when air enters the pleural cavity

28
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Presence of air in the pleural cavity

29
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume.

30
Q

Inspiration

A

Thoracic cavity volume increases (decreased pressure
Diaphragm contracts
More important in producing the volume changes that lead to inspiration
External intercostal muscles contract

31
Q

Expiration

A

Depends more on lung elasticity than on muscle contraction
Decrease thoracic and intrapulmonary volume
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

32
Q

Airway resistance

A

Friction encountered in respiratory passageways
Gas flow changes inversely with resistance
Relatively insignificant

33
Q

Surface tension

A

At a gas-liquid barrier, the molecules of liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to gas molecules
(Unequal attraction –> surface tension)

Draws liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with dissimilar gas molecules
Resists any force that tends to increase the SA of the liquid

Water (main component of liquid film that coats alveoli) has a high surface tension.
Always acting to reduce the alveoli to their smallest size

34
Q

Lung compliance

A

Distensibility
Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

The more the lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure, the greater the compliance
(Higher the compliance, the easier it is to expand the lungs)

Determined by
Distensibility of lung tissue
Alveolar surface tension

35
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Seromucous nasal glands
Serous: secrete water
Mucous: secretes musus

Conchae: mucosa-covered projections
Greatly increases SA exposed to air and enhances air turbulence in the cavity

36
Q

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

A

Matches the # of lobes in the lung
3 on right
2 on left
Each supplies one lung lobe

37
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

A

Serves bronchopulmonary segment

Separated by CT (problems in lungs are localized)

38
Q

Bronchioles

A

Terminal: thinnest
Respiratory (last bronchiole): merges with alveolar duct
Start of respiratory zone

39
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A 
Beta-2 antagonists --> constriction
   Muscarinic antagonists (anticholinergic)
Inhibits binding of ACh
40
Q

IRDS

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Premature babies
Fetal lungs do not produce surfactant until the last 2 months of development
Premie babies are unable to keep their alveoli inflated between breaths

41
Q

Atelectasis

A

Lung collapse

42
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Presence of air in the pleural cavity

43
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Hydrothorax
Hemothorax

Liquid in intrapleural cavity

44
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure exerted by mixture is the sum of pressure exerted independently by each gas in mixture

Partial pressure: pressure exerted by each gas; directly proportional to % of that gas in mixture

45
Q

Henry’s Law

A

When a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its PP

Greater the concentration of gas, the more and the faster the go into sol’n in liquid

At equilibrium, PPs in the gas and liquid phases are the same

46
Q

Internal respiration

A

Occurs in tissues

47
Q

External respiration

A

Occurs in lungs

48
Q

Haldane effect

A

Hemoglobin prefers to bind to CO2 (stronger affinity than with oxygen)

49
Q

VRG

A

Medullary respiratory center
Ventral respiratory group

Breathing rhythm
Inspiratory and expiratory neurons
   Phrenic nerve: diaphragm
   Intercostal nerves: serve intercostal muscles
Mutual inhibition
50
Q

DRG

A

Medullary respiratory center
Dorsal respiratory group

Integration center: receives info from other respiratory centers and higher brain centers

51
Q

PNC

A

Pontine respiratory center
Pneumotaxic center

Modifies/regulates rate and depth of breathing
Inhibits excessive, deep breathing

52
Q

APC

A

Pontine respiratory center
Apneustic center

Stimulates inspiratory neurons in VRG and DRG
Encourages respiration

53
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Hypocapnia
H+ decreases
pH increases
Respiratory alkalosis

54
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Increased CO2 (hypercapnia)
H+ increases
pH decreases
Respiratory acidosis

A&P (10 decks)

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