Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > A&P: Immune System > Flashcards

A&P: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate

A 
Nonspecific 
1st defense: skin and mucosal membranes
   Keratin
   Acid
   Enzymes
   Mucin
   Defensins
2nd defense:
   Phagocytosis
   Mast cells
   NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Keratin

A

Resistant to most weak acids and bases and to bacterial enzymes and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mucin

A

Lines digestive and respiratory passages

Traps microorganisms and washes them out of the mouth into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Defensins

A

Output increases in response to inflammation when surface barriers are breached
Helps to control bacterial and fungal colonization in exposed areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, (monocytes) macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant

Becomes phagocytic on encountering infectious material in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monocytes

A

Leave bloodstream, enters tissues, and develops into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Free macrophages

A

Wander throughout tissue spaces in search of cell debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Permanent residents of particular organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mast cells

A

Release pro-inflammatory chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells

Go after foreign material (lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inflammation

A

Red
Swelling
Pain
Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of Inflammation

A

Prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Alerts adaptive immune system
Sets stage for repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opsonization

A

Own immune cells coat foreign material with opsin, so immune system can recognize it
Accelerates phagocytosis of pathogens
(When phagocytes are unable to recognize foreign matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Foreign material is identified
Neutrophils are 1st to show up, then macrophages
Macrophages can fight for longer period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A

Expressed in dendritic cells and macrophages
Innate immunity
Alert other immune cells to secrete pro-inflammatory chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pro-inflammatory chemicals

A 
Cytokines
Histamine
Kinin
Prostaglandin
Complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increased blood supply or blood volume (increase of blood flow to area; more WBCs in area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid that exits blood

Contains clotting factors and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Extravasation

A

Movement of WBCs from blood –> sites of tissue damage or infection

  1. ) Leukocytosis
  2. ) Margination
  3. ) Diapedesis
  4. ) Positive chemotaxis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in # of WBCs
Leukocytosis-inducing factors: chemicals secreted during inflammatory response that induce proliferation of WBCs

Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Margination

A

Neutrophil binds to endothelium of blood vessel
Dependent on CAMs
“Docks and rolls”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diapedesis

A

Physical squeezing out of WBC through endothelium of blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

WBC uses chemical signals secreted in inflammatory response (finds a way to area infected)

Migration up gradient of chemotactic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Interferons (IFNs)
Non-specific Send warning to non-infected cells that there is a virus present Inhibits virus from entering and/or replicating inside uninfected cell Diffuse to nearby cells and stimulates synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication Activate NK cells and phagocytes NK cells physically bind
26
Complement
Non-specific Group of proteins Activates inflammatory chemicals that amplify all aspects of inflammatory response Enzymatic cascade C3a: intensifies pro-inflammatory response C3b: Helps assemble MAC (membrane attack complex)
27
MAC
Cluster of different complement proteins that punches a hols into a bacterial plasma membrane C3b binds to target surface and triggers insertion of MAC into cell membrane When activated, kicks off MAC structure Water flutes into bacterium and lyses it.
28
Fever
Systemic response 1. ) Macrophage ingests bacteria 2. ) Endotoxins are released --> stimulation of phagocyte to secrete pyrogens Pyrogens: IF-1, TNF-a Stimlate prostaglandins in hypothalamus (resets thermostat; increases body temp) Cell metabolism is increases (healing occurs faster) Stimulates spleen and liver to hold Fe and Zn (low Fe and Zn in blood so less available to support bacterial growth)
29
Adaptive
``` Acquired Specific Systemic Memory 3rd line of defense: must "meet" or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific foreign antigen Chronic infections, cancers Cell-mediated response: T cells Antibodies (humoral) response: B cells ```
30
Humoral Immunity
Extracellular pathogens B cells/ Antibody-mediated Antibodies present in body fluid bind to extracellular targets Inactivating target temporarily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement
31
Cellular immunity
Intracelular pathogens | T cells
32
Antigens
Provoke immune response Ultimate targets of all adaptive immune responses Self vs. Non-self Proteins are the strongest antigen
33
Clonal selection
B and T cells are activated Then form clones specific to the antigens that activated them Effector cells Memory T and B cells
34
Antigenic determinant
Part of the antigen that is immunogenic
35
Epitope
Specific parts of antibodies that bind to specific antigens
36
Immunogens
Complete antigens Immunogenicity: can stimulate production of specific lymphocytes Reactivity: can react with activated lymphocyte and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
37
Haptens
Incomplete antigens Reactivity, but NOT immunogenicity Part of foreign antigen combined with ones own protein Only has immunogenicity when combined with a larger self-protein
38
APC
Antigen-presenting cells Engulf antigens, then present fragments of them on their own surfaces where T cells can recognize them Dendritic cells: internalize antigen, enter lymph node and present antigen to T cell Macrophages: presents to T cell, and also becomes activated by T cells in doing so B cells: ONLY activate by helper T cells, after they have presented an antigen
39
Self Tolerance
Recognize self from non-self Must be relatively unreactive to self-antigens so that it does not attack the body's own cells Positive selection: specific to T cells; only T cells that recognize self-MHC proteins survive Unable to recognize --> apoptosis Negative selection: MHC carries self-antigens on it Alerts immune cell that the antigen belongs in body Ensures T cells do not recognize self-antigens displayed on self-MHC
40
Clonal selection
An antigen binds to a particular lymphocyte that has a receptor for it and the antigen selects that lymphocyte for further development
41
Plasma cell
Antibody-secreting cell Effector cell Humoral response
42
IgG
Monomer Predominates in secondary response
43
IgM
Pentamer | 1st antibody released in primary response
44
Immunoglobulin
4 looping polypeptide chains Linked together via disulfide bonds 2 identical heavy chains (flexible hinge region) 2 identical light chains Antibodies responding to different antigen have very different V regions C regions are the same in antibodies of the same class
45
Fc
``` Constant region Same within members of the same family Characterizes specific antibody Genetic info Stem region: where antibody binds to cell ```
46
Fab
Antigen binding region | V regions of heavy and light chains combine --> antigen binding site
47
Humoral Immunity: Memory
Primary response: 1st exposure to antigen Lag time: 3-6 days Peak plasma antibody at 10 days Secondary response: any response after 1st Lag time: short Memory cell mount a rapid, strong response Bind with greater affinity Blood levels are high for weeks to months
48
Active Humoral Immunity
Make own antibodies Memory Natural: infection (contact with pathogen) Artificial: vaccine (dead/attenuated pathogens) Whole cell Subunit Recombinant
49
Passive Humoral Immunity
Borrow antibodies No memory Protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body Natural: antibodies passes from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via milk Artificial: injection of exogenous antibodies Anti-toxin or anti-venom Provides immediate protection, but effect is short lived
50
Naive cells
CD4 T cells --> helper or regulatory | CD8 T cells --> cytotoxic
51
Effector cells
Plasma cells: secrete antibodies Helper T: helps activate B cells, other T cells and macrophages and direct adaptive response Cytotoxic T: destroys any cells in the body that harbor anything foreign Regulatory T: moderate immune response
52
MHC proteins
Serve as receptors | Antigen presentation is necessary for both activation of naive T cells and normal functioning of effector T cells
53
MHC class I
On surface of every nucleated cell Healthy: display only endogenous antigens Respond to cytotoxic T cell Infected: endogenous antigens in combo with your and foreign antigens CD8 T cells are activated by antigen fragments on class I
54
MHC class II
``` Less widespread Only on surface of APCs Exogenous antigens Respond to helper T CD4 cells are restricted to binding antigens only on class II ```
55
TH
Help activate B and T cell immunity Release cytokines TH1 Stimulate inflammation, activate macrophages, and promote differentiation TH2 Allergies and defend against helminth infections
56
TC
Directly attack and kill other cells (lyse) Main target: virus infected cells Perforin Granzymes
57
Treg
Regulate activity of helper and cytotoxic T cells Act by direct contact to by cytokines Suppress/inhibit T cells when response is over Help prevent hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disease
58
Hypersensitivity
Antibody-stimulated | Cell-mediated
59
Type I
Acute Immediate Helper T cells secrete IL-4 Plasma cells over secrete IgE Release of too much histamine Allergies/Allergen Anaphylactic shock
60
Type II
Subacute Happens within minutes --> hours Antibodies (IgG or IgM) binds to RBCs Cytotoxic reaction Happens in situations where blood or tissue is rejected Can occur after a transfusion of mismatched blood
61
Type III
Subacute Autoimmune diseases Intense inflammatory reactions Accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes Esosinophils aren't destroying complexes --> buildup in tissues
62
Type IV
Delayed (caused by T cells) Macrophages secrete cytokine IL-12 Helper T and cytotoxic T cells over-proliferate and secrete additional cytokines TC cells destroy other cells Allergic contact dermatitis

A&P (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions