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A&P > A&P: Cardiovascular system; Heart > Flashcards

A&P: Cardiovascular system; Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right-Sided pump
Receives oxygen-poor blood from system, then pumps it to lungs
Short, low pressure circulation

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Left-Sided pump
Receives oxygenated blood from lung, then pumps it to system
Enters left side of heart, exits aorta, then to whole body
Long, high resistance to blood flow

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outermost layer
Dense CT
Protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling of heart with blood

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5
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Deep to fibrous
Parietal layer: below/connected to bottom of fibrous
Continous with visceral layer at pulmonary trunk
Pericardial cavity: between 2 layers; film of serous fluid
Visceral layer: (epicardium); layer just on top of heart muscle (integral part of heart wall)

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6
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle
Bulk of heart
Cardiac skeleton: reinforces myocardium and anchors cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Endocardium

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Lines heart chambers
Touches blood
Continuous with endothelium of all blood vessels

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8
Q

Atria

A

2 receiving chambers
(Superior)
Right: receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava and coronary sinus
Left: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Fill simultaneously, then contract

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9
Q

Ventricles

A 
2 heavy duty pumping units
Thick myocardial walls 
(Inferior)
Make up most of heart volume
Right: receives blood from right atrium
Left: received blood from left atrium
Fill simultaneously, then contract
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10
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Separates atrium

Divides heart longitudinally

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11
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Thicker

Separates ventricles

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12
Q

Blood enters right atrium via 3 veins:

A

Superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions superior to diaphragm

Inferior vena cava: returns blood from body areas below diaphragm

Coronary sinus: collects blood draining from myocardium

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13
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

2 right and 2 left

Both carry blood to LEFT atrium

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14
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Trabecular carnae: muscle projections in wall of ventricles; increase strength of contraction

Papillary muscles: help close AV valves; attached to collagen
Contraction –> closure of valves

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15
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Right side

Blood goes from right ventricle –> pulmonary think –> pulmonary artery

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16
Q

Aorta

A

Equivalent ot pulmonary trink, except carries oxygen rich blood
Left ventricle –> aorta

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17
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

In interatrial septum
Between septa
Depression that was once a fetal hole connected to atria

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18
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

A 
2
Between atrium and ventricle
Prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
Right: tricuspid
Left: bicuspid (mitral valve)

Chordae tendoneae: collagen cords attached to papillary muscles on AV flaps
Want AV valves closed when ventricles are contracting, to prevent back flow of blood

19
Q

Semilunar valves (SL)

A 
2
Pulmonary valve
   -Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
   -Between left ventricle and aorta

When ventricles are contracting, semilunar valves are open
Ventricle –> out
Like AV valves, open and close in response to pressure

20
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery: serves lateral side if heart (left atrium and ventricle)

Anterios interventricular artery: runs down center

  • Supplies blood to inter ventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
  • LAD: left anterior descending artery
21
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Marginal artery: serves myocardium of lateral side of ventricle

Posterior interventricular artery: back of heart (posterior ventricle walls)

22
Q

Coronary veins

A

Collects venous blood

23
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Drains coronary vessels

Sends blood to right atrium

24
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min

Increases when SV increases and/or heart beats faster

25
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

26
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between resting and maximal CO

27
Q

EDV

A

End diastolic volume
Blood volume when ventricles are at rest (after ventricular filling)
Higher EDV, higher CO

Influenced by:
- Ventricular diastole
- Venous return: amount of blood transported into R&L atria
More return, more blood into ventricles, higher EDV

28
Q

ESV

A

End systolic volume
Residual blood; left over after ventricles contract

Influenced by:
- Arterial BP
Higher the BP, the more difficult for ventricles to eject blood, more ESV leftover
-Ventricular systole
Harder the ventricles contract, less ESV

29
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch just before systole
Increased preload = increased SV
Frank-Startling law

Increase preload via increased venous return
Increased preload, increased EDV, increased strength of contraction

30
Q

Venous return

A

Amount of blood returning to the heart and distending its ventricles

31
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length
Increased intracellular Ca++ = higher contractility
Sympathetic stimuli = higher contractility
Positive and negative inotropic agents:
+ : epinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon
- ; adidosis, rising K+ levels and calcium channel blockers
Increased contractility = decreased ESV

32
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

Increase after load, increased ESV, decreased CO, increase SV

33
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rate b/c electrical conduction system is out of sync

34
Q

Bradycardia

A

Depends on individual
Less then 60 bp (heartbeat slower than normal)
May result from low body them, parasympathetic nervous activation
Seen in extremely trained/elite athletes

35
Q

Tachycardia

A

May result from elevated body temp, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease
Resembles someone out of shape

Flutter: 200-33 bpm; electrical current is in sync, just very fast
Fibrillation: high bp; electrical current is chaotic
-Lack of SA node stimulation

36
Q

Heart valves

A

Heart murmurs

  • Incompetent valve: (not snapping shut): blood regurgitates –> problems with closing
  • Stenotic valve: hardening of valve; does not open as wide or close as tight
  • Prolapsed valve: slipped forward of down
37
Q

IE: Infective endocarditis

A 
Fungal infection of the endocardium
May be caused by:
 -Staph
 -Strept
 -Candida
-Septic blood
38
Q

Myocardial infraction (MI)

A

Heart attack

Cell death due to lack of oxygen

39
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Angina pectoris: blockage with temporary problems
Temporary lack of oxygen (myocardiocytes do not receive blood)
Can turn into an MI

40
Q

Vascular occlusion

A

Anything that blocks the flow of blood

41
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Dead myocardiocytes

42
Q

Tumor

A

Myxoma: most common primary cardiac neoplasm

Usually benign

42
Q

Heart murmur

A

Incompetent valve: blood regurgitates (problem with valve closing)

Stenoic valve: hardening of valve ( doesnt open as wide or close as tight)

Prolapsed valve: slipped forward or down

A&P (10 decks)

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