A&P: Blood

Question 1

Blood components

Answer 1

Formed elements (~45%); cellular portion
     -RBCs
     -Platelets
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Plasma (~55%); mostly water (nonliving fluid matrix)
     -Proteins

Question 2

Blood functions

Answer 2

Transport: oxygen, CO2/ metabolic wastes, nutrients, hormones
Regulation: body temp, pH buffering, fluid volume (osmotic balance)
Protection:
-Preventing hemorrhaging, hypovolemia (drop in BV_, exsanguination (bleeding to death)
-Preventing infection; immunity (leukocytes)

Question 3

Myeloid

Answer 3

Megakaryocyte
     -Thrombocyte
Erythrocyte
Mast Cell
Myeloblast
     -Granulocytes
     -Monocyte
         -Macrophage

Question 4

Lymphoid

Answer 4

NK cells
Small lymphocyte
     -T lymphocyte
     -B lymphocyte
         -Plasma cell

Question 5

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 5

Biconcave
Anucleate
No organelles
Anaerobic respiration
Hemoglobin
More RBCs, more viscous blood

Question 6

Hematocrit

Answer 6

Measures # of RBCs per ml of blood

Question 7

Leukocytes

Answer 7

Immunity
Leukocytosis: more than normal # of WBCs
Leukopenia: less than normal # of WBCs

Diapedesis: leaving circulation

Positive chemotaxis: following a chemical trail left by other cells; pinpoint areas of tissue damage/infection

Leukopoiesis: Ils and CSFs released by mature WBC and red bone marrow cells stimulate the development of EBCs

Question 8

Granulocytes

Answer 8

Phagocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

Most numerous WBC
Lysosomes and defensins
1st to show up to site of cut or infection
Phagocytose bacteria and fungi

Question 10

Eosinophils

Answer 10

Lysosomes, histaminase (stops histamine)
Main target is helminths (flatworms and roundworms)
Role in allergic response (hypersensitivity response)
Breakdown of antibody complexes

Question 11

Basophils

Answer 11

Histamines (inflammatory vasodilator)

Heparin –> anticoagulant

Question 12

Agranulocytes

Answer 12

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

B lymphocyte
-Plasma cells –> antibodies
T lymphocyte
2nd most numerous WBC

Question 14

Monocytes (in circulation)

Answer 14

Macrophages: phagocytic
Viruses and chronic infections
One of 1st to site of injury/ infection

Question 15

TPO: Thrombopoietin

Answer 15

Regulates the formation of platelets
Function: Hemostasis (stoping of bleeding)
   1.) Vascular spasm
   2.) Platelet plug
   3.) Coagulation (clotting)

Question 16

Vascular spasm

Answer 16

Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels

Question 17

Platelet plug

Answer 17

Aggregation of platelets to form a temporary seal of a break in a vessel wall
[Prostacyclin and citric oxide: prevent platelet aggregation in undamaged tissue and restrict aggregation to the site of injury]
von Willebrand factor: large plasma protein; stabilizes bound platelets by forming a bridge between collagen and platelets

Question 18

Hemophilia

Answer 18

Unable to form blood clots/clotting factors

Question 19

Coagulation

Answer 19

1. ) Activate prothrombin activator
2. ) Prothrombin –> thrombin
3. ) Fibrin mesh(clot)

Question 20

Fibrinolysis

Answer 20

Breakup of fibrin; disintegrate blood clot
Vessel healing
   -Clot retraction
   -PDGF
   -VEGF
Tissue plasminogen-activator (tPA)
   -Plasminogen
   -Plasmin

Question 21

Factors limiting clot growth (anti-coagulants)

Answer 21

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
Restrict or inactivate thrombin
   -Activated protein C (APC)
   -Anti-thrombin III
   -Thrombomodulin

Question 22

Diapedesis

Answer 22

Leaving circulation

Question 23

Positive chemotaxis

Answer 23

Following a chemical trail left by other cells

Pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection

Question 24

Leukopoiesis

Answer 24

Ils and CSFs released by mature WBCs and red bone marrow cells stimulate development of WBCs