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anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food

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2
Q

Defecation

A

Rids the body of indigestible waste

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaking down physically

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Break down chemically

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5
Q

Alimentary canal (GI tract)

A

Continuous hollow tube that runs from mouth to anus

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6
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Organs that the food doesn’t directly enter but helps with digestion
Ex: liver, pancreas

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7
Q

Organs of the alimentary canal

A

Mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

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8
Q

Mouth anatomy: lips

A

Protect anterior opening

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9
Q

Mouth anatomy: cheeks

A

Form the lateral walls

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10
Q

Mouth anatomy: hard palate

A

Forms anterior roof

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11
Q

Mouth anatomy: soft palate

A

Forms posterior roof

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12
Q

Mouth anatomy: uvula

A

Fleshy projection of the soft palate

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13
Q

Mouth anatomy: tongue

A

Attached at hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth

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14
Q

Mouth anatomy: tonsils

A

Palatine lingual

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15
Q

Pharynx physiology

A

Serves as a common passageway for air and food

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16
Q

Pharynx physiology

A

Serves as a common passageway for air and food

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17
Q

Esophagus: Anatomy

A

About 10 in long

Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

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18
Q

Esophagus: physiology

A

Conducts for peristalsis (slow rhythm squeezing)

Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)

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19
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Food enters at the cardiac sphincter (valve)
Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter (valve)

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20
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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21
Q

Cardiac region

A

near the heart

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region

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23
Q

Body

A

Mid portion

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24
Q

Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach

A

Lesser omentum

Greater omentum

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25
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Attaches to the liver to the lesser curvature

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26
Q

Greater omentum

A

Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs
Attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall
Has lymph nodules containing macrophages

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27
Q

Stomach physiology

A 
Temporary storage tank for food
Site of food breakdown
Chemical breakdown of proteins begin
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
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28
Q

Structure of the stomach mucosa

A 
Mucosa is simple columnar epithelium
Mucous neck cells
Gastric glands
Chief cells
 Parietal cells
Enteroendocrine cells
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29
Q

Mucosa neck cells

A

Produce a sticky alkaline mucus

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30
Q

Gastric glands

A

Situated in gastric pits and secrete gastric juice

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31
Q

Chief cells

A

Reduce proteins digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

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32
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

Enthroned octane cells

A

Produce gastrin

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34
Q

Small intestine

A

The bodies major digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by then mesentiery

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35
Q

Subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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36
Q

Duodenum

A

10 inches long
Attached to the stomach
Curves around a hold of the pancreas

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37
Q

Jejunum

A

8 feet long

Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum

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38
Q

Ileum

A

12 feet long

Extends from jejunum to large intestine

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39
Q

Chemical digestion begins in the small intestine

A

Enzymes are produced by intestinal cells and the pancreas
Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the small intestine
Bile, formed by the liver, enters via the bile duct

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40
Q

Small intestine anatomy

A

Structural modifications that increase surface area
Micro villi
Villi

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41
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush border appearance)

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42
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa

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43
Q

Large intestine

A

Large in diameter, but shorter in length, then the small intestine
Frames the internal abdomen

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44
Q

Large intestine anatomy

A

Cecum: saclike first part of the large intestine

Appendix

45
Q

Appendix

A

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
Hangs from the Cecum

46
Q

Ascending colon

A

Travels up right side of abdomen

47
Q

Transverse colon

A

Travels across the abdominal cavity

48
Q

Descending colon

A

Travels down the left side

49
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Enters the pelvis

50
Q

Anus

A

Opening of the large intestine

51
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Formed by skeletal and under voluntary control

52
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Formed by smooth muscle

53
Q

Anal sphincters

A

These sphincters are normally closed except during defecation

54
Q

Large intestine anatomy continued

A

No villi present

Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces

55
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A 
Liver
Teeth
Gallbladder
Pancreas 
Salivary glands
56
Q

Teeth function

A

Masticate (chew) food

57
Q

Humans have two sets of teeth

A

Deciduous

Permanent

58
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Baby or milk teeth

20 teeth fully formed by age two

59
Q

Permanent teeth

A

Replace deciduous teeth between six and 12
Full set is 32 teeth that some people don’t have wisdom teeth
If they do emerge, the wisdom teeth appear between ages 17 and 25

60
Q

Classification of teeth

A

Incisors: cutting
Premolars: grinding
Canines: tearing or piercing
Molars: grinding

61
Q

Salivary glands

A

Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretion into the glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

62
Q

Saliva

A

Mixture of mucus mad serous fluid
Helps to form a food bolus
Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion
Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

63
Q

Pancreas

A

Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum
Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food
Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum
Hormones produced by the pancreas insulin

64
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in the body
Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
Connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct

65
Q

Bile

A

Produced by cells in the liver

66
Q

Bile composition

A 
Bile salts
Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes
67
Q

Bile function

A

Emulsify (break apart) fats by physically breaking fat globules into smaller ones

68
Q

Gallbladder

A

When no digestion is occurring, bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder
Sac found in hollow fossa (hole) of liver
When digestion of fatty food is occurring, bile is introduced into the duodenum from the gallbladder
Gallstones are crystallized cholesterol which can cause blockages

69
Q

Propulsion

A

Moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another

70
Q

Peristalsis

A

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract

71
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
Each major food group uses different enzymes
Carbs broken to simple sugars, proteins to amino acids, fats to fatty acids and alcohol

72
Q

Absorption

A

End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph

Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries

73
Q

Defection

A

Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces

74
Q

Digestive activities of the mouth: chemical

A

Food mixed with saliva

Starch is broken down into maltose by salivary amylase

75
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Makes the stomach contents very acidic

76
Q

Acidic pH

A

Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion

Provides a hostile environment for microorganisms

77
Q

Protein digestion enzymes

A

Pepsin: an active protein digesting enzyme
Rennin: works on digesting milk protein in infants, not adults
Alcohol and asprin are the only items absorbed into the stomach

78
Q

Propulsion in the stomach

A

Food must first be well mixed

Stomach empties in 4-6 hours

79
Q

Rippling perstalsis

A

Occurs in the lower stomach

80
Q

The pylorus

A

Real eases chyme into the small intestine (30 mL at a time)

81
Q

Digestion in the small intestine

A

Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase)
Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
Carry out about half of all protein digestion
Digest fats using lipases from the pancreas

82
Q

Food breakdown and absorption in the large intestine

A

No digestive enzymes are produced
Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
Release gases
Water is absorbed
Remaining materials are eliminated via feces

83
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Most are derived from plants

Exceptions: lactose from milk and small amounts of glycogens from meats

84
Q

Major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids proteins
Water

85
Q

Minor nutrients

A

Vitamins

Minerals

86
Q

Nutrient

A

Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

87
Q

Lipids

A

Saturated fats from animal products
Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds and vegetable oil
Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats and milk products

88
Q

Proteins

A

Complete proteins: contain all essential amino acids
Most from animal products
Legumes and beans also have proteins, but are incomplete

89
Q

Vitamins

A

Most used as coenzymes

Found in all major food groups

90
Q

Minerals

A

Play many roles in the body

Most mineral rich foods are vegetables, legumes, milk and some meats

91
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme in saliva that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of bacteria

92
Q

Alimentary canal

A

One way tube that passes through the body

93
Q

Bile

A

Fluid that prepares fat molecules to be broken down by enzymes

94
Q

Gastric glands

A

Microscopic structure that releases a number of substances into the stomach

95
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

Small clusters of cells, some of which produce insulin, that are located inside the pancreas

96
Q

Mouth

A

Alimentary canal begins

97
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that enables the body to break down glycogen and fats, and release sugars in the blood

98
Q

Villus

A

Projection in the lining of the small intestine

99
Q

Peristalsis

A

Contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the alimentary canal

100
Q

Small intestine

A

Part of the digestive system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Region of the digestive system where most of the chemical work of digestion takes place

101
Q

Esophagus

A

Tubelike structure through which food passes btwn the mouth and stomach

102
Q

Large intestine

A

Region of the digestive system where in digested wastes are prepared for removal from the body

103
Q

Pepsin

A

Protein digesting enzyme produced by gastric glands

104
Q

Insulin

A

Polypeptide hormone that enables the body to convert sugar in the bloodstream into stored glycogen and fat

105
Q

Salivary gland

A

Structure that produces a fluid that helps to moisten food

106
Q

Pancreas

A

Gland located just below the stomach that produces enzymes and other substances essential for digestion

107
Q

Stomach

A

Large sac that mixes food with acids and enzymes to produce chyme

108
Q

Liver

A

Gland that produces bile

109
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

anatomy (10 decks)

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