Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food

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2
Q

Defecation

A

Rids the body of indigestible waste

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaking down physically

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Break down chemically

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5
Q

Alimentary canal (GI tract)

A

Continuous hollow tube that runs from mouth to anus

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6
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Organs that the food doesn’t directly enter but helps with digestion
Ex: liver, pancreas

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7
Q

Organs of the alimentary canal

A

Mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

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8
Q

Mouth anatomy: lips

A

Protect anterior opening

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9
Q

Mouth anatomy: cheeks

A

Form the lateral walls

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10
Q

Mouth anatomy: hard palate

A

Forms anterior roof

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11
Q

Mouth anatomy: soft palate

A

Forms posterior roof

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12
Q

Mouth anatomy: uvula

A

Fleshy projection of the soft palate

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13
Q

Mouth anatomy: tongue

A

Attached at hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth

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14
Q

Mouth anatomy: tonsils

A

Palatine lingual

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15
Q

Pharynx physiology

A

Serves as a common passageway for air and food

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16
Q

Pharynx physiology

A

Serves as a common passageway for air and food

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17
Q

Esophagus: Anatomy

A

About 10 in long

Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

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18
Q

Esophagus: physiology

A

Conducts for peristalsis (slow rhythm squeezing)

Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)

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19
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Food enters at the cardiac sphincter (valve)
Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter (valve)

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20
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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21
Q

Cardiac region

A

near the heart

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region

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23
Q

Body

A

Mid portion

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24
Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach
Lesser omentum | Greater omentum
25
Lesser omentum
Attaches to the liver to the lesser curvature
26
Greater omentum
Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs Attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall Has lymph nodules containing macrophages
27
Stomach physiology
``` Temporary storage tank for food Site of food breakdown Chemical breakdown of proteins begin Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine ```
28
Structure of the stomach mucosa
``` Mucosa is simple columnar epithelium Mucous neck cells Gastric glands Chief cells Parietal cells Enteroendocrine cells ```
29
Mucosa neck cells
Produce a sticky alkaline mucus
30
Gastric glands
Situated in gastric pits and secrete gastric juice
31
Chief cells
Reduce proteins digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
32
Parietal cells
Produce hydrochloric acid
33
Enthroned octane cells
Produce gastrin
34
Small intestine
The bodies major digestive organ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by then mesentiery
35
Subdivisions of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
36
Duodenum
10 inches long Attached to the stomach Curves around a hold of the pancreas
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Jejunum
8 feet long | Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
38
Ileum
12 feet long | Extends from jejunum to large intestine
39
Chemical digestion begins in the small intestine
Enzymes are produced by intestinal cells and the pancreas Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the small intestine Bile, formed by the liver, enters via the bile duct
40
Small intestine anatomy
Structural modifications that increase surface area Micro villi Villi
41
Microvilli
Tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush border appearance)
42
Villi
Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
43
Large intestine
Large in diameter, but shorter in length, then the small intestine Frames the internal abdomen
44
Large intestine anatomy
Cecum: saclike first part of the large intestine | Appendix
45
Appendix
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) Hangs from the Cecum
46
Ascending colon
Travels up right side of abdomen
47
Transverse colon
Travels across the abdominal cavity
48
Descending colon
Travels down the left side
49
Sigmoid colon
Enters the pelvis
50
Anus
Opening of the large intestine
51
External anal sphincter
Formed by skeletal and under voluntary control
52
Internal anal sphincter
Formed by smooth muscle
53
Anal sphincters
These sphincters are normally closed except during defecation
54
Large intestine anatomy continued
No villi present | Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces
55
Accessory digestive organs
``` Liver Teeth Gallbladder Pancreas Salivary glands ```
56
Teeth function
Masticate (chew) food
57
Humans have two sets of teeth
Deciduous | Permanent
58
Deciduous teeth
Baby or milk teeth | 20 teeth fully formed by age two
59
Permanent teeth
Replace deciduous teeth between six and 12 Full set is 32 teeth that some people don't have wisdom teeth If they do emerge, the wisdom teeth appear between ages 17 and 25
60
Classification of teeth
Incisors: cutting Premolars: grinding Canines: tearing or piercing Molars: grinding
61
Salivary glands
Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretion into the glands Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
62
Saliva
Mixture of mucus mad serous fluid Helps to form a food bolus Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
63
Pancreas
Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum Hormones produced by the pancreas insulin
64
Liver
Largest gland in the body Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament Connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct
65
Bile
Produced by cells in the liver
66
Bile composition
``` Bile salts Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) Cholesterol Phospholipids Electrolytes ```
67
Bile function
Emulsify (break apart) fats by physically breaking fat globules into smaller ones
68
Gallbladder
When no digestion is occurring, bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder Sac found in hollow fossa (hole) of liver When digestion of fatty food is occurring, bile is introduced into the duodenum from the gallbladder Gallstones are crystallized cholesterol which can cause blockages
69
Propulsion
Moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
70
Peristalsis
Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract
71
Chemical digestion
Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks Each major food group uses different enzymes Carbs broken to simple sugars, proteins to amino acids, fats to fatty acids and alcohol
72
Absorption
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph | Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries
73
Defection
Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces
74
Digestive activities of the mouth: chemical
Food mixed with saliva | Starch is broken down into maltose by salivary amylase
75
Hydrochloric acid
Makes the stomach contents very acidic
76
Acidic pH
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion | Provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
77
Protein digestion enzymes
Pepsin: an active protein digesting enzyme Rennin: works on digesting milk protein in infants, not adults Alcohol and asprin are the only items absorbed into the stomach
78
Propulsion in the stomach
Food must first be well mixed | Stomach empties in 4-6 hours
79
Rippling perstalsis
Occurs in the lower stomach
80
The pylorus
Real eases chyme into the small intestine (30 mL at a time)
81
Digestion in the small intestine
Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase) Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme Carry out about half of all protein digestion Digest fats using lipases from the pancreas
82
Food breakdown and absorption in the large intestine
No digestive enzymes are produced Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients Release gases Water is absorbed Remaining materials are eliminated via feces
83
Carbohydrates
Most are derived from plants | Exceptions: lactose from milk and small amounts of glycogens from meats
84
Major nutrients
Carbohydrates Lipids proteins Water
85
Minor nutrients
Vitamins | Minerals
86
Nutrient
Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair
87
Lipids
Saturated fats from animal products Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds and vegetable oil Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats and milk products
88
Proteins
Complete proteins: contain all essential amino acids Most from animal products Legumes and beans also have proteins, but are incomplete
89
Vitamins
Most used as coenzymes | Found in all major food groups
90
Minerals
Play many roles in the body | Most mineral rich foods are vegetables, legumes, milk and some meats
91
Lysozyme
Enzyme in saliva that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of bacteria
92
Alimentary canal
One way tube that passes through the body
93
Bile
Fluid that prepares fat molecules to be broken down by enzymes
94
Gastric glands
Microscopic structure that releases a number of substances into the stomach
95
Islets of langerhans
Small clusters of cells, some of which produce insulin, that are located inside the pancreas
96
Mouth
Alimentary canal begins
97
Glucagon
Hormone that enables the body to break down glycogen and fats, and release sugars in the blood
98
Villus
Projection in the lining of the small intestine
99
Peristalsis
Contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the alimentary canal
100
Small intestine
Part of the digestive system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Region of the digestive system where most of the chemical work of digestion takes place
101
Esophagus
Tubelike structure through which food passes btwn the mouth and stomach
102
Large intestine
Region of the digestive system where in digested wastes are prepared for removal from the body
103
Pepsin
Protein digesting enzyme produced by gastric glands
104
Insulin
Polypeptide hormone that enables the body to convert sugar in the bloodstream into stored glycogen and fat
105
Salivary gland
Structure that produces a fluid that helps to moisten food
106
Pancreas
Gland located just below the stomach that produces enzymes and other substances essential for digestion
107
Stomach
Large sac that mixes food with acids and enzymes to produce chyme
108
Liver
Gland that produces bile
109
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches