digestive system Flashcards
tunica serosa
outermost covering of the alimentary canal within abdominal cavity.
tunica muscularis
2 layers, inner and outer. allows the canal to be motile.
tunica submucosa
layer between the mucosal and inner muscularis layers. it is highly vascular (many blood vessels) its function is to serve the mucosal layer. contains the submucous plexus, which is critical to nervous system and provides nervous control to the mucosa.
tunica mucosa
innermost layer. most widely varied. 3 primary functions are distention, absorption and secretion.
parietal peritoneum
lines the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum (serosa)
lines each organ in abdominal cavity
omentum
double folds of peritoneum that line adjacent organs to support and transmit vessels and nerves to the organs, it also protects the organs from excessive rubbing. (2 sections include greater and lesser omentum)
retroperitoneal organs include:
pancreas, kidneys, most of duodenum and abdominal aorta
4 major parts of stomach
cardiac orifice (GE junction), fundus, body, pylorus
small intestine (21 ft long) 3 main regions:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine (wider 6cm in diameter) 4 major regions
cecum, colon, rectum, anus/anal canal
colon areas
1st bend is hepatic flexure, transverse colon, next bend is splenic flexure, descending colon, then the s-shaped bend is the sigmoid colon.
accessory organs that secrete directly to alimentary canal:
liver, gallbladder and pancreas
liver
largest gland in the body, produces bile
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile and takes bile to the duodenum thru the common bile duct
pancreas
creates juices and secretes them into duodenum for food breakdown
rigor
chills
tenesmus
straining, especially ineffective and painful during a bowel movement or urination
achalasia
impairment of normal esophageal peristalsis, symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation, noctural cough, chest pain
atresia
the absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.
bezoar
tightly packed, partially digested hair or vegetable matter. seeds, gum, medication can mimic a bezoar
cheiloschisis
cleft lip
cirrhosis
group of liver diseases where the normal structure is destroyed over time by nodules.
diverticulum
an abnormal buldge, pocket or pouch formed from a hollow or tubular structure
Zenker diverticulum
the most common place that a diverticulum occurs is just below the pharynx
dysentery
variety of disorders marked by inflammation of intestines, especially the colon
amebic dysentery
most common type of dysentery, due to ulceration of the bowel caused by amebiasis
cholera
a form of enteritis that is spread by food and water contaminated with feces
fecalith
intestinal concretion (hard stool) formed around a center of fecal matter
fistula
abnormal passage or communication between 2 organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body.
hernia
protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue thru an abnormal opening
abdominal hernia
protrusion of internal body structure thru the abdominal wall
hiatal hernia
the protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm
sliding hiatal hernia
when the stomach an a section of esophagus slide up into the chest thru the hiatus
paraesophageal hiatal hernia
when the stomach squeezes thru the hiatus, but the esophagus and stomach stay in their regular locations. the stomach can become strangled and have its blood supply shut down.
inguinal hernia
a hernia into the inguinal canal
umbilical hernia
protrusion of part of intestine thru the umbilicus
Hirschsprung disease
congenital megacolon, or a dilatation and hypertrophy of the colon due to the sustained contraction of the rectosigmoid muscles
hypertrophy
enlargement of an organ due to cell size increase
ileus
temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis, which often leads to obstruction.
adynamic ileus
suspension of peristalsis because of paralysis or atony. can be result of drugs, toxemia, trauma or surgery.
IBS
variety of bowel disorders which are inflammatory whose etiology cannot be directly determined
Crohn disease
can affect any part of GI tract but is more common in the ileocecal area. frequently leads to obstruction and fistula and abscess formation
ulcerative colitis
chronic, nonspecific, inflammatory and ulcerative disease that arises in the colonic mucosa. usually involves the rectum
intussusception
segment of bowel advances and protrudes into the segment distal to it
jaundice
characterized by bile pigment in the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae with yellow appearance. indicate a liver problem
leukoplakia
white patch on mucous membrane that will not rub off and occurs in mouth.
mumps
acute, highly contagious viral disease which causes painful enlargement of salivary glands.
Giardia
intestinal parasite
Barrett esophagus
chronic peptic ulcer of the esophagus
polyp
mass of tissue that arises from the bowel wall and protrudes into the lumen.
sessile
polyp attached directly to surface
pedunculated
polyp attached by a stem or stalk
Schatzki ring
a 2-4 cm mucosal structure, probably congenital, which causes a ring-like narrowing of the lower esophagus
volvulus
intestinal obstruction that is due to a knotting or twisting of the bowel.
